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小升初英语语法常识

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发表于 2019-12-7 02:43:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
一、

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表现某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不成数名词。4 l, t$ k0 t2 I( e7 s
夸大:不成数名词都默以为单数,所以老是用is或者was;最好不要依据someanya lot of等词往作判
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断,以免受误导。

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1、可数名词若何变复数情势, t- Y  O* I5 F# w( M/ Q7 |* J
a.一般情形下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音3庠疱子音后读<strike>,浊子音和
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元音后读[z]7 n8 d3 T1 g% T6 d
b.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:[iz]
  x0 s) D# v( hc.以子音字母+y”结尾,变yi, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;读音:[z]: X, T; Y$ C5 z2 q2 n
d.以“ffe”结尾,变ffev, 再加-es,如:knife-knives thief-thieves;读音:[z]: |) M$ |% ?2 @4 g. a5 S
e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情形

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1)有性命的+es  读音:[z]  如:mango-mangoes  tomato-tomatoes  hero-heroes
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2) 无性命的+s   读音:[z]  如:photo-photos     radio-radios
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f. 不规矩名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,  

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snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish,

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people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
' s: P7 P4 o2 j. N4 q: n( H  2、不成数名词没有复数。假如要盘算不成数名词所表达的数目,就得在数词和不成数名词之间加上
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+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of ***, a bottle of juice
5 ^" |# r" O& Y; c% ]) ?# y- `判定步调:
/ U$ i8 [  f3 f3 p+ L( c                                                  ↗如是amiswas→本相
! O& q( v0 `  S# C& e读句子读该单词熟悉该单词懂得意思be动词
9 @+ p6 ~) T6 [' A( F. m                                                  ↘如是arewere→ses
7 I( Z. o, x2 [2 B7 F练一练:) B- q3 ~, g2 a0 f* t
1、写出下列各词的复数。
6 w/ N+ t' _5 m- |. E! ^I _________  him _________  this _______   her ______     watch _______   mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______   day________  foot________ dress ________ tooth_______

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sheep ______   box_______  strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______
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sandwich ______   man______   woman_______  leaf_______   people________
* F8 T; b5 `; `. W, Y7 K5 e2、用所给名词的┞俘确情势填空。
8 }. J0 S# r9 B- N4 d5 d1Are there two                ( box ) on the table?
& q3 i' X* n$ g8 n! F# s2I can see some                 ( people ) in the cinema.7 W6 I" B- l* e, ]
3How many                 ( day ) are there in a week?9 V) O/ ^) X+ [$ @" B6 a0 `8 T
4Here’re five                ( bottle ) of                  ( juice ) for you.
+ }9 q3 n) z( T3 A5This                ( violin ) is hers. Those                ( grape ) are over there.
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二、冠  
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冠词是一种虚词,不克不及自力应用,凡是放在名词的前面,分为不定冠词定冠词两种。
0 O% F; g3 g8 `7 g% h: _4 _1、不定冠词:aan。用在单数名词前,表现一个,一件……”an用在以元音音素开首的单词前。如:
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an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour…' U# d) O% `; n+ P3 k7 @6 J
2、定冠词:the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思,有时翻译为这、那。它的基础用法:' L, ?1 h# H6 Z9 J0 N: S* T( K
  1)用来表现特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:The map on the wall is new.
, J8 X9 A' \; [' b, z, P. `# g8 S  2)表现措辞者两边都知道的人或事物。如:Look at the picture, please.
- v+ P% o% K# Y- Q7 Z4 @  D- K4 K4 q  3)表现再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如:This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
1 n( c$ ]( S4 m- y$ J' F- f  4)用在表现世界上并世无双的事物前。如:the sun太阳  the moon月亮  the earth地球
0 S. f1 u8 X- d  5)用在由通俗名词组成的专著名词前。如:the Great Wall长城; D4 |" i, V9 C/ F: x
  6)用在江河、湖海等专著名词前。如:the Changjiang River长江' U; S6 c! k7 g* O6 f4 h% o
  7)此外,序数词、形容词第一流、乐器名称档故前面和一些习习用语中一般都用定冠词the。如:

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the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class
& e/ T0 q8 U8 j8 V断定用aan仍是the时可依据汉语意思。: G) P% R7 j" W4 w- v& a- L
练一练:' z. Z: p* L0 w3 t$ W+ @, t: L
1、用aan填空。
% \! N  U; Q7 q, v% ^        ____ “U”         ____ ice-cream            ____  goalkeeper           ____ teapot            ____apple
# t9 l0 x' k# k" _2 r' i       ____office     ____English book        ____umbrella        ____unit               ____hour              W1 _4 |, \* S2 q; h
2、依据须要,填写冠词aanthe0 A( O# s  [+ H0 g, J$ j9 W% a) G
1Who is ____girl behind ____tree?
8 m# L. w. ?) {& R/ G& L4 ]4 ]- v2 ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.! t) ~0 w, ]9 h* E- F9 M
3This is  ____ orange.   ____ orange is Lucy’s.
' c) b. c; J3 n4He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.9 x$ J  h' e: l# ~
5We all had____good time last Sunday.
- j( e) |' A" s6She wants to be____doctor.

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三,

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我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。基数用于表现数目几多,而基数词用于表现顺序,常在日期中呈现。差别:基数词前面没有“the”;序数词前必定要有“the”6 I% Y1 c6 g& {- k# q. ]. N
1、跨越二十以上的两位数须要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如:21  twenty-one
: G' Y7 w! v* W  f/ P  v: ?/ J2、三位数以上的则须要在百位数后再加上and。如:101  a/one hundred and one# T& N- T( a0 Z
3、用基数词来润饰可数名词时,必定别忘了它的复数情势。如:十八个男孩  eighteen boys% h! u8 b: P0 K3 h) Y, b
4、用基数词润饰不成数名词时,如是复数,变它的量词为复数。
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如:两碗米饭  two bowls of rice! j6 L! i7 k8 _+ i! n' l- t( y
5、序数词一般加“th”,特别的有:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二

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十以外的┞符十:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第几十几3庠鸢面整十不变,后面改为序
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数词。如:88  eighty-eighth* Y& s8 J7 T  U9 t! X
练一练:
; k, T; `( x; q4 v* Q1、请翻译下列短语。
0 o( h6 M3 }( o! `# _160论理学生                              215本英语书                              ! P; V2 Y; k% _5 l6 n
3)九杯凉水                               44个孩子                                
1 x* B" \; I0 ~51231                                 662                                 
) p* D" V% Q: k5 Q7)第九周                                  840年前                                 
: M+ f2 t3 X4 @7 `( W911+7                                     10)上学第一天                            ' n6 t5 p* [. E! Y% Q5 d' D3 X
2、把下列基数词改成序数词。
$ h4 H. l) y! aone---                      two---                       three---                      nine---                 ! S7 w. [5 z  X; z" D! ], C- b" {
fourteen---                     twenty---                      thirty-five---                     eighty-one! a) u4 p8 p9 M) [* X
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四、代  

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代词有两种:人称代词和物主代词。
( n( b9 e7 ]+ v2 b) S9 u) v1、人称代词分为:第一、第二、第三人称,且有单复数之分。
8 _% a# |  p1 T3 `2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语,一般用在动词前(疑问句除外);宾格在句中做宾语,多  

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用于动词、介词后。
$ h9 q4 g+ l2 i: [3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的感化,后面必定要跟名词,表现该名词是属于谁的。
  d. Q2 x# j7 _6 U9 u4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如:
9 r# ~' s7 e. h( i   This is my bag. = This is mine.  That is her ruler. = That is hers.
# g- {$ r' d$ S* ]5 {9 l一般看后面有没著名词,若有,就用形容词性物主代词;如无,就用名词性物主代词。$ {' n# q. {6 |6 E. C1 v
    请服膺下表:

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单数

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- x! }4 A$ F# Y
 
0 E( ~9 T9 \; y" ~% b9 ^
3 u2 i3 U2 E) x
复数
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: M' R/ t$ h4 U& k) u8 I
人称  代词
* k: J& d! L, I$ i

' Z! @0 L9 v; h. s- t8 N
主格

9 x) U: ?5 a1 |% {+ v" y) @

6 F) G- G% T: T, J
I
0 K' c, _) p! a- @- r6 y
; `1 V$ s# C" E: u8 i9 a
you

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0 T+ |' L$ l3 w6 ~- ^. j
he

- P* Q7 r* H; S. _4 K

2 S8 W5 `  _  s
she
9 N5 A* m5 e6 Z" x9 c

4 I$ d. p) V, y5 Q
it

% v2 p7 k/ j  \; u2 l5 B
1 X' w- l) U" ^
 

7 L: W- C0 @& |1 U& c3 Q, m1 l  H

8 r  G. l( j/ H) F& q
we
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you

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7 i  l- w8 Y. @9 s3 q
they
& c, h; @# _5 k( Q! a  E

. S' q1 _' ]- d+ e9 G
宾格
$ x8 P' |' X( i) f

* e; U+ w4 J" u5 U" a$ K5 V
me
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9 b3 s! S$ M7 @
you

6 a& k, @$ F& U8 F
3 x# h* g- G2 ~3 C; q, }/ v* f
him

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" V  U) |$ d3 s( T" ~+ s1 {; _1 Z! K
her
/ u( \" W6 x$ R4 U" @; h
. S+ f* \: p! M7 S
it

9 Y; U: K. A# B& s

; |4 k* i* L/ r& ]
us

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& X$ r- ?, P7 C% T
you
# q% ^7 R) r9 W6 ]# i! m

; q2 L9 V7 x8 G7 f
them
- a. [4 F+ F% {  ^( V
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物主  代词

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形容词性
1 I, L) C; E) v  \+ J3 `/ [
9 W0 t# o3 t4 H5 I$ O3 Q
my
+ {5 N4 ~8 g% j& V) ]( Z, f' |
* [  h) Q* B4 `  r) u
your
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- [7 R8 y' s" c2 G, d; z5 l4 ?
his

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her

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4 d8 M3 D% O( }  E
its

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our
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6 Z+ Z4 x2 A. _; o# ^' I1 j
your
+ R1 I7 J0 I. x) L$ }3 s4 o# B  o

. j1 p! U& h" D8 A- w5 A; w& [
their
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3 E" {" i7 N2 [5 Q( I8 R3 y
名词性

3 d- w7 i) U; l: _

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mine

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$ b  T1 F( h$ [$ |
yours
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his

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hers
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its
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ours
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yours
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theirs
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练一练:- B, N9 o- Y4 G/ l7 Z
1、按请求写出响应人称代词。) }# H$ I4 U4 s
I(宾格)_______              she(形容词性物主代词)_______             we(名词性物主代词)_______ 4 ~2 b5 L& H$ c* H7 K1 a8 Z+ o
he(复数)_______            us(单数)_______            theirs(主格)_______ its(宾格)_______
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2、想一想,把下表弥补完全。

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人称代词
6 A5 }3 N' M, u6 _

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物主代词
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单数

% c' Z4 M7 m* W5 F6 @

3 M1 Q: F/ ^4 j2 X
复数
/ g% Z  t3 Z+ ?4 s/ O  f
* g0 t+ [6 L3 ^5 ?' p0 u
单数

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* J6 Z" G0 M! I
复数

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主格
5 _/ k$ W$ ~1 d# s  R& a# ?
4 W# L( w1 ?7 j0 p3 `3 ~" c
宾格
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主格
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宾格
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形容词性
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名词性

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形容词性

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1 x8 l( U0 T+ o  y
名词性

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第一人称
1 R2 F6 U4 c, ^( \/ ], i6 b

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me

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3 }8 H6 o" m4 t

5 n% _9 C2 q; o8 K3 v" T* _

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us
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: I1 o5 \: f3 D  ^

  H7 w3 U- F9 l) w4 Q$ E
5 z0 u$ C2 x, E2 ?5 V
) f* N0 k( `+ i; H* A/ O& E

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our
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1 s1 X1 s( J6 N( l8 Y. |
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+ n' Q7 F" l. ]! v
第二人称

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you
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) E' T2 o. c( _" ]3 |/ ?( L
you
6 t+ i% z, U# q% v2 v

1 z$ R4 B* p! d  N/ ?) }. K

6 v8 k1 r# \: V; C+ K8 L. `. x
) ^2 W; D: |' m2 e' ~* _/ x
2 ]' x# c$ H) J

3 u$ h: H4 i; F

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5 o% t9 {. b; R1 y

4 Y& U# K+ G: S) ^8 d

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第三人称
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he

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6 Q0 @" P2 d; [7 H0 W

6 I- i2 P% h8 {, Z% A
  {* x$ {. T: o/ b# m9 a. c

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them
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his

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3 [: w# R0 I3 a) ]% A
% h1 W$ O" |2 S2 }4 S9 |! D

7 f# T% K! n) c: i/ \* ^
their
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8 E3 R# x! o0 g" H8 m

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her
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2 g3 U7 e. b' Z& g- C

9 }- f. u7 N0 U& M7 D; b
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it

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its
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, B  g" M, U6 k! d  [2 W; f3、用所给词的恰当情势填空。6 P7 J2 V3 v8 R. ^8 ?
1That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
, u  ~( z8 G  h+ k7 d5 T2The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
  N8 f8 E% Z: y7 {# A3Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I ) : Z5 H: B  U& d6 @$ ~9 _
4_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he )
- W' y7 h$ c, A$ U- i- |5_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you ) - t( C  T* E9 }2 w# q
6Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they )
+ V1 @- d1 I4 [! w- Q% D7I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it )
) b6 ^  _5 \  O5 `8Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they )
6 b2 ?5 w" e7 H* h. s! ~9Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we )
' X. x7 y1 d2 ]10_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she ) 5 _2 ^) I, ~3 b) F7 p; I/ `+ X
11Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they ) 3 F: h- G( M6 c" r# X8 D- N
12Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )
: ]. A; E5 T; v% I. k  `13_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she ) $ D: v2 i: B% y
14The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she )

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五、形容词、副词
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1、形容词表现某一事物某人的特点,副词表现某一动作的特点。形容词和副词有三种情势:本相、比拟
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级、第一流。比拟级:+er  第一流:the …+est
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两个主要特点:as……as中心必定用本相,than的前面必定要+er
' A9 o, s( P4 ?2、形容词、副词比拟级的规矩变更如下:6 A$ R% z/ Z2 k4 x3 [  q5 q6 e
1)一般直接+er。如:tall - taller, fast - faster   单音节词假如以-e结尾,只加-r。如:late - later
6 K9 I- P% F7 s$ F8 i2)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个子音字母,须双写这个字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, fat - fatter
( I6 d( K( H. ~9 f+ K- i& C3)以子音字母加-y结尾的词,变yi,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier
0 O: `5 ?& O1 V  I( s3 [8 R, q; h4)双音节和多音节词的比拟级应在原级前加more组成。如:beautiful - more beautiful,
9 h, `% F) @& K/ H; O1 x     careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting
5 G+ G' V! B2 a4 b: p) i5)有些不规矩变更的,须一一加以记忆。如:good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder…; V2 g; Z5 j7 f( [. ]  g2 T- F7 i
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练一练:5 x9 v9 Q+ ?4 L. _" C6 r
1、写出下列形容词、副词的比拟级。( y  n0 d1 V) g# D( w9 Q' Y
big                    good                   long                    tall                     old               7 J( k/ s& ]$ F5 k) D# W
short                  thin                    heavy                   young                  fat              
2 m8 N+ E5 y7 L* ]# c0 J4 V4 ~3 blight                  strong                   high                    far                     low              " O: D/ R8 I' d- V% n. v3 |0 Z
early                  late                     well                    fast                    slow   

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2、用括号内乱所给单词的恰当情势填空。
2 B- r# v4 r  V' H. B0 h3 I/ F1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.% l8 j9 ~+ U2 d* I
2) Look! His hands are _______  ( big ) than mine.8 d; l5 c" M  \9 M+ c7 @4 H
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates.- h4 Q- ?: Y5 `) m0 v1 Q
4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
" H7 R* K! D2 [  v5) Does Jim run as _______slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.
6 j$ }8 e3 i" n7 J% s0 K4 \6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.
' S  p2 x; ^5 @; D- X7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.7 f" e8 B9 G; i
8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me.
9 ?. A( V* P9 D9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.
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六、介  

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1、一种虚词。不克不及零丁作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一路组成介词短语,才干在句子中起感化。
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有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of,
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from…to…, at the back of…# a" j% p" V& u, [
2、表现时光的介词有:at, on, in。(1at表现在某一个具体的时光点上,或用在固定词组中。如:at ten  

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o’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…2on表现在某日或某日的时光段。如:on Friday, on the
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first of October, on Monday morning…3in表现在某一段时光(月份、季候)里。如:in the afternoon,

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in September, in summer, in 2005…
6 S2 V. x7 D$ d9 q* j3in一词还有其他的固定搭配,如:in blue(穿戴蓝色的衣服),in English(用英语表达),take part in(参

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加)。
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练一练:
5 M0 [( u* e/ i7 S: J+ m1、选用括号内乱适当的介词填空。- ~6 A( L) D4 b0 H8 O) @) ~
1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English?& H3 {$ I1 R! w) [' F
2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December., G& u2 ]; b9 L  p) `- r$ }
3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.
8 U$ r( V, l, F' x4) He doesn’t do well  _______ ( at, on, in ) PE.
' ~" N  B, J0 [: |' b/ m5) Look at those birds  _______ ( on, in ) the tree.
. f7 h/ S" S  C" e' C1 b' I6) We are going to meet  _______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop  _______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.
" ]/ E% G, ]6 c6 u  G7) Is there a cat    _______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?
0 K5 B. _+ k' V- R' T7 m8) Helen’s writing *** is  _______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.
  g$ n4 p3 ?  h- O2 V  {9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.
& Q8 S! q1 P4 w' i+ s/ \10) Does it often rain   _______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?' V1 P/ M* z" E& r1 }. d
2、圈出下列句子中应用不适当的介词,并将准确的谜底写在横线上。
. D# b$ E- z- L1) Jim is good in English and Maths.               2) The films were in the ground just now.          ! ~9 \7 |2 Y0 L7 T
3) They are talking to their plans.                4) How many students have their birthdays on May?           9 l' D5 V6 k3 D. p/ H  _( H) O
5) Women’s Day is at the third of March.           6) I can jog to school on the morning.           
7 Y& {7 V0 r  x  g) G7) Did you water trees at the farm?                8) Can you come and help me on my English?           & B- |) ^& \0 s7 ?1 U
9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning.       10) What did you do on the Spring Festival?           
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