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小升初英语语法常识

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发表于 2019-12-7 02:43:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
一、

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表现某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不成数名词。$ h6 C( x$ C8 ]3 b- F
夸大:不成数名词都默以为单数,所以老是用is或者was;最好不要依据someanya lot of等词往作判

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断,以免受误导。

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1、可数名词若何变复数情势% M  L( d' M2 \3 N
a.一般情形下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音3庠疱子音后读<strike>,浊子音和

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元音后读[z]: R. m, t: U' o- I9 M
b.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:[iz]& O. ~5 l9 C, H
c.以子音字母+y”结尾,变yi, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;读音:[z]
% A1 G2 E% \5 g2 z3 e8 {d.以“ffe”结尾,变ffev, 再加-es,如:knife-knives thief-thieves;读音:[z]+ D7 Q6 E0 p# l0 T: G
e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情形
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1)有性命的+es  读音:[z]  如:mango-mangoes  tomato-tomatoes  hero-heroes

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2) 无性命的+s   读音:[z]  如:photo-photos     radio-radios
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f. 不规矩名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,  

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snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish,
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people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese * m! b2 H- N- U  L* V0 ]: G, ^
  2、不成数名词没有复数。假如要盘算不成数名词所表达的数目,就得在数词和不成数名词之间加上
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+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of ***, a bottle of juice. ?5 m1 \7 T9 u/ ~- r' g/ c
判定步调:
% H. s( @9 k% [" r8 T1 G                                                  ↗如是amiswas→本相# b9 k  p5 q: E
读句子读该单词熟悉该单词懂得意思be动词( F# F/ k$ |/ \
                                                  ↘如是arewere→ses
4 a9 i  s0 ^' K+ U$ h9 |练一练:
2 j: X! X' e2 I+ D6 F* P/ S8 V1、写出下列各词的复数。 1 N2 G, u: S* }% y& m
I _________  him _________  this _______   her ______     watch _______   mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______   day________  foot________ dress ________ tooth_______
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sheep ______   box_______  strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______

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sandwich ______   man______   woman_______  leaf_______   people________
! B* P3 S$ U5 o' t2、用所给名词的┞俘确情势填空。
# ~+ A, j9 V1 U- s1Are there two                ( box ) on the table?; l7 A1 Y( [% {: J% ?
2I can see some                 ( people ) in the cinema.' q9 R0 {7 ~! S+ X
3How many                 ( day ) are there in a week?
+ Q/ ]4 [" c+ j) w3 K, O- E4Here’re five                ( bottle ) of                  ( juice ) for you.
( `  b1 i% g; y- ?5 X: [6 H7 K5This                ( violin ) is hers. Those                ( grape ) are over there.
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二、冠  
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冠词是一种虚词,不克不及自力应用,凡是放在名词的前面,分为不定冠词定冠词两种。
$ l4 L4 C, l; V- k7 v& Q' B' h' H& j1、不定冠词:aan。用在单数名词前,表现一个,一件……”an用在以元音音素开首的单词前。如:
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an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour…% c$ T/ i* o) i0 K
2、定冠词:the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思,有时翻译为这、那。它的基础用法:
0 a! y* g! d/ U- N  1)用来表现特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:The map on the wall is new.
+ J9 {8 M9 s5 u5 Q9 h6 P9 `  2)表现措辞者两边都知道的人或事物。如:Look at the picture, please.
5 y7 d7 ~: K5 w9 m9 h9 i  S5 s  3)表现再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如:This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
6 P1 u" p+ q$ B  N5 B  4)用在表现世界上并世无双的事物前。如:the sun太阳  the moon月亮  the earth地球
3 H4 |5 n" E( C. f% ?( \5 T0 x7 M- t  5)用在由通俗名词组成的专著名词前。如:the Great Wall长城
0 N6 n$ X3 [7 ]. U( j: [  6)用在江河、湖海等专著名词前。如:the Changjiang River长江. e# {( o& M, ?
  7)此外,序数词、形容词第一流、乐器名称档故前面和一些习习用语中一般都用定冠词the。如:
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the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class: a0 z4 x4 {+ {9 V
断定用aan仍是the时可依据汉语意思。
) }& m5 E( n! o3 C# s练一练:, ~/ E8 |9 w4 ^& D( m
1、用aan填空。
% L+ s3 s0 g, \& i' [! J        ____ “U”         ____ ice-cream            ____  goalkeeper           ____ teapot            ____apple
$ E. e8 d# x0 [! D9 S       ____office     ____English book        ____umbrella        ____unit               ____hour            
- W$ z1 |( f& K6 K8 e2、依据须要,填写冠词aanthe
- T+ {6 k' t/ K  T$ D: b( v0 Y  S1Who is ____girl behind ____tree?( b8 e9 {% R/ R) b
2 ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.' V, Q# P1 o1 Q
3This is  ____ orange.   ____ orange is Lucy’s.
6 O; n( A- T' F- L  u% L+ O4He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.
" Z0 k1 v* @6 F6 [5We all had____good time last Sunday.
! p) P! {4 E5 J; m- ~' H" u6She wants to be____doctor.
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三,
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我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。基数用于表现数目几多,而基数词用于表现顺序,常在日期中呈现。差别:基数词前面没有“the”;序数词前必定要有“the”4 f: z+ c  ?" g7 p% j& Q
1、跨越二十以上的两位数须要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如:21  twenty-one
7 r; D) ^% ]4 g/ T" |6 F% G2、三位数以上的则须要在百位数后再加上and。如:101  a/one hundred and one
. l  H  e' Z1 z3、用基数词来润饰可数名词时,必定别忘了它的复数情势。如:十八个男孩  eighteen boys* R+ l) t* g- _8 t
4、用基数词润饰不成数名词时,如是复数,变它的量词为复数。

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如:两碗米饭  two bowls of rice
( T' O4 n4 h% L- h( V+ G2 E5、序数词一般加“th”,特别的有:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二

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十以外的┞符十:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第几十几3庠鸢面整十不变,后面改为序

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数词。如:88  eighty-eighth
5 C# m3 f" r: d  y/ _" x6 `# z练一练:
) ?# B8 o1 x, W0 J; d" w# s1、请翻译下列短语。
* ^  |( X, p7 y& A" `160论理学生                              215本英语书                              
* G/ p# J. K$ i5 F! |3)九杯凉水                               44个孩子                                
" S' h: ?) j  P6 f51231                                 662                                 
$ L$ ]; E, s" s" l. T7)第九周                                  840年前                                  ' Y4 F9 T7 z4 B
911+7                                     10)上学第一天                           
7 D2 P; b0 Y8 y2、把下列基数词改成序数词。
2 v" u) U5 C/ p" z# c: Zone---                      two---                       three---                      nine---                 * |( K- U7 h" o" C9 B! I; O
fourteen---                     twenty---                      thirty-five---                     eighty-one
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四、代  
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代词有两种:人称代词和物主代词。: p! S' b' @6 p% p' e* s
1、人称代词分为:第一、第二、第三人称,且有单复数之分。. ?% c6 V( v: y' |2 P
2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语,一般用在动词前(疑问句除外);宾格在句中做宾语,多  
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用于动词、介词后。, L  B1 T) }; g+ J
3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的感化,后面必定要跟名词,表现该名词是属于谁的。" B5 v" d( D0 [) A: I% p
4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如:
2 o2 e- H; F  |! {   This is my bag. = This is mine.  That is her ruler. = That is hers.
2 q1 \/ V, P( F  V+ }3 [一般看后面有没著名词,若有,就用形容词性物主代词;如无,就用名词性物主代词。  }. Q* R9 ?3 r* I
    请服膺下表:
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1 N2 S1 u3 Y/ _4 M& m, L
 

1 k/ E! \; x, [7 T

" S7 L2 _; o' L/ [- v& D
单数

8 O8 k5 {8 y5 t" b- q& r- X
* p: S' N# T3 j( |  T6 s* k
 
8 B5 Z4 i6 n, p" d( X  B' e
4 b2 j* e7 i& ]+ D
复数

# n0 k* N, v( x5 W: z8 K$ B

' P: f6 r2 b( y( Z
人称  代词
: W7 _* Z, [9 _1 J' o; @; _5 k7 Q2 t# E

8 S2 V# ~' g9 [) \" L1 w
主格

( U, F6 r+ S) H0 ]
0 ?9 o8 q# _& n, z- |4 n
I
2 p: T# W) d3 i; j7 @- L

& A- k/ i. @! L7 L+ H  d5 P
you

5 c8 Z. x  u/ O7 }- J7 ]3 A, u

: e- h' B* u4 A. Q0 ^# ]
he

3 [5 K' `  B* Y0 m( s, l
5 Q- f/ M* m9 R! C+ A: s- F
she

% k& \1 G% h1 ]! c
% a4 w5 [+ Z8 A  J' b! D9 q
it
2 J+ Z  }# e9 P8 y6 i( a7 N8 _
: \- V& p# F* \1 @9 @* _
 
% N6 z8 \  x7 B" X
7 e: k- i$ P( [1 \
we
/ e) u1 f$ q* |* Q. S2 y; k
% ^/ V" l( r; W& y' Y
you
/ T, m0 F% J* d& v
5 \+ ]: [4 y1 \
they

9 F  z1 N1 s7 H! S
. D3 \2 ?6 b: C6 f8 A9 i0 l
宾格

, j* z" K+ Z7 L6 J1 _
# g% @9 t* B8 g+ M
me
; V3 {& v/ h' S9 `7 i+ P7 ?

6 e3 p4 w4 g5 e! p+ t' ?
you

0 y$ k3 b; i' Z/ j
: z! e' @' T* F% N
him

0 x, D1 J& G) V
7 d) F' n' W4 w; a/ \. n
her
9 f2 ^' \( i' e2 B; {

2 V$ j- V0 u: z3 D
it

* {" x1 x5 K& E+ F8 W

5 D8 y/ l8 V7 L7 b/ J
us
8 e5 A1 s2 ^) F# y7 a4 K- i

( ]) b5 h, O9 k/ K% _
you
* J, D7 h5 r0 y, R# N' K

: k# M% A( B, q
them
3 R" p: d& F4 o
+ X3 C+ g8 M! x) t2 _
物主  代词
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" q: j6 j4 t! X5 b) n3 {9 C
形容词性

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my
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your
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his

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1 V4 q- d6 q! M
her
2 C3 a& D- E6 Q
: h$ d; q2 ^1 D$ f4 G) l
its

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# n- Z0 q' S/ g7 [8 n
our

/ ~. _; K( z2 S; c/ y

" x! c0 h* H$ l) d2 F) z7 x0 }
your
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& _6 A/ R, s& N& _8 G+ e
their

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4 p- J9 d( Q/ z" y
名词性

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mine
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yours
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his
: }# w% a$ L3 W- ^1 M( m

4 d) {  d1 A8 g2 Y$ V1 ?# t  m  R
hers

3 h% D# l, U% N1 c" Y3 ~6 F8 w. `

! B* x; ^6 }; E. Q* ~: u" m) r
its
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$ z( r6 \& L0 t$ g' b
ours
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1 o3 L) r, \% _9 ^7 W  l
yours
  o! G, K3 N+ s8 ~

, {  [4 Y' h1 M3 W( K* A  Y& ]
theirs

1 h8 ?0 O$ s) g& K* j

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练一练:# R0 u' n4 n3 W" _: q- c
1、按请求写出响应人称代词。
' }, v" T9 O' v  W* _I(宾格)_______              she(形容词性物主代词)_______             we(名词性物主代词)_______
( W& D8 f1 v  d+ H# a( ~3 ~he(复数)_______            us(单数)_______            theirs(主格)_______ its(宾格)_______
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2、想一想,把下表弥补完全。
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, h8 ^; p* N/ Y7 i$ ?7 ^  n; s: w, z
/ l- u/ F0 X1 w2 j
人称代词

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1 K* v( {- V, {* A+ C( F5 h# |/ b
物主代词
! D2 f* \% Y7 Z
- h# Z$ f& s) B3 E% D
单数

* i3 }* C/ j$ F' Q1 J; t6 A

( X' ^$ |/ n) U1 Q* k- P
复数

' v/ B1 X+ o5 Z; @) e. C* Z# R2 c
$ N$ h" n" H! n
单数
, V3 }# X0 J) c# a" m
! u  I+ n1 u7 M2 D, ?$ P' T
复数

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+ i% `; O7 m' N7 C. D5 d9 d* \) {  r
主格
, F" y2 P* k) ~$ \
6 N; Z  J' L* t; D( d, \: ~; i
宾格
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! G/ p% U+ B7 j' f! A
主格
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宾格
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形容词性

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名词性
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4 ?. X! G& y3 b6 M, |# h
形容词性
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名词性
' E0 y/ U! i$ |! E3 K  h
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第一人称
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2 T  S6 s4 @, G8 g& y( K3 o8 h
me

3 ~% q) z6 \4 Z) f3 p9 ?( _, R+ y
1 E1 G5 z* K  b- }" S  {' s( D4 O

7 t: `* s4 I! s9 m# ~! v

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us
3 ?6 C3 C$ I3 S: P& ]

1 M3 `; k& k5 r' B% H$ ^- J2 V3 L' T
8 @7 C' N. P. ^+ _  G$ Z

3 @3 |8 p) f0 c% P/ F3 T4 n$ s2 c/ S
0 e" @, Q1 a* d' b  \+ J+ j
/ y, t9 I1 F& y3 E
our
0 r1 `+ _0 J. k' J# |6 Y, ?% g

/ w1 a; v4 _8 |* m
  c" c4 ~6 C# _% {, I
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第二人称

2 I& [. W5 ]2 b0 L

1 Q! T" Z" f* ~* ?
you

5 n! q6 Y7 j/ J8 l

. X$ f/ v( Q- a" ~5 ?: t9 p' X
( K! `* y; ?2 k# Z* {

, R- ?$ Y0 [+ T$ R3 P* r
you
! z% i% W; I3 n* E- [5 N; `/ Y2 d/ G
& i- V5 a9 E4 k3 @8 m6 P

6 A9 [7 k7 `/ n- H

% H& f7 I8 o9 b: `' o2 a
. t# i6 Q/ h0 W7 g# t0 h

8 C7 d( `% W% N) ]3 J" m+ Z4 G8 w
/ i! L$ ~6 f- ~

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- t* d2 s. `9 l; ]

9 ^8 p4 m) D3 \; y. v) m, @1 N

9 D1 \& H0 v7 h- X

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第三人称

/ S: ^( y" M% ~0 D: K4 W

4 ~% r' L( t. v
he
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% H5 V2 `8 \) A( E7 B
  A. \" T2 p6 c7 m( c

5 M7 s" x( V- k8 ?8 ~1 @; _

, A" T2 P% y6 T" C/ r: \% q
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them
! @4 c& }  k1 p7 a; U4 _0 A7 E; ^
: a2 h) B1 P' g# M; I
his
8 [9 O- V2 S9 n1 b! C; t$ p' j

2 w4 B/ O* {6 s  T) W% k
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. U9 e$ @7 y6 r7 c: ^$ @
their
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7 U/ p7 A" x5 ~, D6 ]; |8 L
1 e$ y  |# ~$ O

# `& a( Q  T" o/ i$ k7 ~# X' d7 r
$ `+ ~+ o+ f+ Q0 x1 y! j( a

; V1 J) l  h  Y
her

0 w! Q. w2 h- s0 e; g4 N5 \$ H

# V; [6 O# l0 |! \. J$ [9 v
9 W$ J& m% ^/ \- m

* Q5 A/ {6 l* s7 \9 P$ p  S
  r1 _- K) m: D* j

& R) e+ p1 Z# P6 r

8 m$ O) Q' h' J' G4 ^3 C
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it

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+ @0 \* s; e: }& a& v0 s9 Q3 P& A

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its

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3、用所给词的恰当情势填空。
7 s1 Y- e: @# n8 w" }3 a- C$ w7 x. e1That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
3 F3 |8 Y$ i3 c6 r! E, ~& x2The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
2 O8 E/ P6 h2 q3Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I ) - H" k$ |5 M9 d, ]0 j
4_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he )
3 Q3 @7 U& }4 k6 A% q8 i5_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you ) 6 W& f! t  u( X" u  T8 J6 w
6Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they )
( K; Y. l, w( u7I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it )
. {$ P* e) {' `8Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they )
; w5 D% m1 M" z9Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we )
- i1 _- l% A7 f: G; x3 _0 V10_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she ) 6 E4 {$ x/ A1 \6 g( @
11Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they ) : u& V; ^8 |) z7 |& d2 g* S
12Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )/ R9 p2 ]0 \1 j1 q+ ~3 _- N
13_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she )
+ E9 k9 R# B2 Q6 `+ z) ^14The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she )
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五、形容词、副词

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1、形容词表现某一事物某人的特点,副词表现某一动作的特点。形容词和副词有三种情势:本相、比拟

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级、第一流。比拟级:+er  第一流:the …+est

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两个主要特点:as……as中心必定用本相,than的前面必定要+er
3 Q! q& A0 u( v5 Q2、形容词、副词比拟级的规矩变更如下:
+ w: t$ n2 z, C& }6 j, C/ N1)一般直接+er。如:tall - taller, fast - faster   单音节词假如以-e结尾,只加-r。如:late - later
. n  \  S5 K2 g2)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个子音字母,须双写这个字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, fat - fatter
3 g5 f+ ^9 S0 |6 t# f0 n) E9 r3)以子音字母加-y结尾的词,变yi,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier
* c/ W0 |1 F5 s. o6 n/ V8 Y/ S4)双音节和多音节词的比拟级应在原级前加more组成。如:beautiful - more beautiful,
! n% |/ m( k% S$ h9 q5 t     careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting
) t$ `& g+ e" `2 S* U" t' m5)有些不规矩变更的,须一一加以记忆。如:good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder…
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练一练:" d/ J* X5 h( m  T( n+ {$ C
1、写出下列形容词、副词的比拟级。
9 E* h, |/ b# K6 q  ]big                    good                   long                    tall                     old               
+ G7 T" Z$ \: ^6 r  }short                  thin                    heavy                   young                  fat              1 K" X: W( }# ~9 a, p
light                  strong                   high                    far                     low              ' z, q0 k8 N1 p  E
early                  late                     well                    fast                    slow   

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2、用括号内乱所给单词的恰当情势填空。+ q6 u- J# v6 q; i
1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.
7 S% P* S7 i9 [4 }% _( k3 H6 Z2) Look! His hands are _______  ( big ) than mine.4 m; i* N4 z6 Y; q7 X+ b: J
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates./ ]3 A1 c9 X1 p- b2 a2 _8 n7 F6 P
4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
7 H  E/ Q8 g; V% _1 [5 M/ q' l/ G5) Does Jim run as _______slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.. Y( f8 M; C- ?+ V
6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.* q3 t  O# y- u* N! g' M
7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.
2 u, M; T+ p- Q6 {& ^4 j8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me.
3 O& F/ Y. O: ~9 T' G5 N3 k9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.

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六、介  

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1、一种虚词。不克不及零丁作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一路组成介词短语,才干在句子中起感化。

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有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of,

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from…to…, at the back of…
# k, [  o5 G" n! f# F( Z% I2、表现时光的介词有:at, on, in。(1at表现在某一个具体的时光点上,或用在固定词组中。如:at ten  

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o’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…2on表现在某日或某日的时光段。如:on Friday, on the
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first of October, on Monday morning…3in表现在某一段时光(月份、季候)里。如:in the afternoon,

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in September, in summer, in 2005…: n( L1 k. |7 J/ v& E: s  u; [
3in一词还有其他的固定搭配,如:in blue(穿戴蓝色的衣服),in English(用英语表达),take part in(参

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加)。
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练一练:+ @8 ~0 L+ k6 x) ]' a4 t
1、选用括号内乱适当的介词填空。3 x5 _+ u) S: }; D. g7 c' M
1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English?6 b- F" Y$ T1 i; R# K  S+ y' m
2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December., K# b& S/ n7 ]- d/ J, M
3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.
% e( G" f9 v( ]& g: |' _. b) `4) He doesn’t do well  _______ ( at, on, in ) PE.
  j2 ^) N+ @, |' z' q) B( i) L9 e! g5) Look at those birds  _______ ( on, in ) the tree.9 O+ M' A. m; U7 l; D
6) We are going to meet  _______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop  _______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.0 O& T# I( ?. q' J9 |+ |
7) Is there a cat    _______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?
. e" S. j& s+ W" C8) Helen’s writing *** is  _______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.+ H; e/ V) N+ S% S) S) O
9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.7 y4 V% s. o1 c, Y
10) Does it often rain   _______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?% a* q. l. l4 v# ^- s# N. V3 f! x+ S
2、圈出下列句子中应用不适当的介词,并将准确的谜底写在横线上。
/ E  ]) p5 F: _- l: \$ H7 j; F1) Jim is good in English and Maths.               2) The films were in the ground just now.         
  V5 I7 H% {, n8 a0 o2 `3) They are talking to their plans.                4) How many students have their birthdays on May?           4 O6 W; b' S0 W. q" l% F' Q
5) Women’s Day is at the third of March.           6) I can jog to school on the morning.           
' B' S/ r2 W: X! Z2 m$ z% Y7) Did you water trees at the farm?                8) Can you come and help me on my English?           
! X5 ^% {4 m8 Z$ Q# |9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning.       10) What did you do on the Spring Festival?           
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