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小升初英语语法常识

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发表于 2019-12-7 02:43:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
一、

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表现某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不成数名词。1 F" L1 c. o! ~9 D8 y4 g
夸大:不成数名词都默以为单数,所以老是用is或者was;最好不要依据someanya lot of等词往作判
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断,以免受误导。
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1、可数名词若何变复数情势" _2 O: @' F; N+ s# |" y9 D
a.一般情形下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音3庠疱子音后读<strike>,浊子音和

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元音后读[z]
$ ~3 _; r# i, x: `8 [# y7 z* jb.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:[iz]
) A2 Y7 E, G9 w: e) mc.以子音字母+y”结尾,变yi, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;读音:[z]0 E9 \2 W  U6 f2 U  ~% I7 s' d# p
d.以“ffe”结尾,变ffev, 再加-es,如:knife-knives thief-thieves;读音:[z]. E, K# S: @. L$ @
e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情形
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1)有性命的+es  读音:[z]  如:mango-mangoes  tomato-tomatoes  hero-heroes

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2) 无性命的+s   读音:[z]  如:photo-photos     radio-radios

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f. 不规矩名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,  
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snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish,

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people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 1 F# K! q. j6 C7 z# j. }
  2、不成数名词没有复数。假如要盘算不成数名词所表达的数目,就得在数词和不成数名词之间加上

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+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of ***, a bottle of juice6 ]' o5 \; D  K- E  f
判定步调:, v8 j8 E+ u4 J. x( i4 L
                                                  ↗如是amiswas→本相
/ `. r" x, ~1 |' o% l" |! k$ [读句子读该单词熟悉该单词懂得意思be动词3 h  M5 [, Y1 s9 `6 N
                                                  ↘如是arewere→ses, h+ d* n! e1 M# C, S5 {
练一练:$ l0 ~# {: ~; _5 i
1、写出下列各词的复数。 , q  z" G+ T% p+ J" M% h
I _________  him _________  this _______   her ______     watch _______   mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______   day________  foot________ dress ________ tooth_______
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sheep ______   box_______  strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______

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sandwich ______   man______   woman_______  leaf_______   people________! J+ b+ R3 Z' j+ k4 @" F1 T$ w
2、用所给名词的┞俘确情势填空。- t* ]% z: w( w
1Are there two                ( box ) on the table?5 C% }3 T0 i$ ?4 M& }& ^
2I can see some                 ( people ) in the cinema.# ^( A* i' C, S5 U% e8 r' G
3How many                 ( day ) are there in a week?
  l. G/ X0 {) @% v  G; a. F' O) J4Here’re five                ( bottle ) of                  ( juice ) for you.' _# {0 J  q; d5 k
5This                ( violin ) is hers. Those                ( grape ) are over there.( P" S5 Q6 u1 }2 L( ~

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二、冠  

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冠词是一种虚词,不克不及自力应用,凡是放在名词的前面,分为不定冠词定冠词两种。
. N; v% J2 F7 V/ Z1、不定冠词:aan。用在单数名词前,表现一个,一件……”an用在以元音音素开首的单词前。如:
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an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour…$ C, k' O, E7 T7 @
2、定冠词:the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思,有时翻译为这、那。它的基础用法:
+ G; ~' j$ ]: Q2 S3 M# c  1)用来表现特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:The map on the wall is new.2 J& H% s6 X' V% @  S
  2)表现措辞者两边都知道的人或事物。如:Look at the picture, please.5 g+ j1 n  ^6 J7 l( Q
  3)表现再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如:This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.  l+ Q3 r* u2 k3 O  Q* B
  4)用在表现世界上并世无双的事物前。如:the sun太阳  the moon月亮  the earth地球
5 Y! `5 U+ k# {  h$ l0 f  5)用在由通俗名词组成的专著名词前。如:the Great Wall长城
. j5 H3 p) J/ i- K+ Z  6)用在江河、湖海等专著名词前。如:the Changjiang River长江
2 K2 j/ {# O: f% n  7)此外,序数词、形容词第一流、乐器名称档故前面和一些习习用语中一般都用定冠词the。如:
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the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class* C0 G$ x, g; r9 Y3 [) Y) s
断定用aan仍是the时可依据汉语意思。
7 q" T( Q" O- o; N, l( s练一练:& r5 @$ W# z! r1 n3 L8 Q
1、用aan填空。
  I. p* J0 B- m& T        ____ “U”         ____ ice-cream            ____  goalkeeper           ____ teapot            ____apple5 {& M; a# _0 j* l0 W  K
       ____office     ____English book        ____umbrella        ____unit               ____hour            
, I) C. A$ z+ R1 y6 v2、依据须要,填写冠词aanthe
' W9 |( j# D7 C. @1Who is ____girl behind ____tree?
  T- D, r+ P2 `9 Z+ O. T' e" Y/ H2 ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.' W9 P7 [, K  K, [
3This is  ____ orange.   ____ orange is Lucy’s.0 o; h6 h; P* R9 S
4He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.
7 N' E) z! i6 g# D. A. p2 h5We all had____good time last Sunday.7 W5 \' L2 Z& T1 P
6She wants to be____doctor.

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三,

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我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。基数用于表现数目几多,而基数词用于表现顺序,常在日期中呈现。差别:基数词前面没有“the”;序数词前必定要有“the”
) U1 \0 d$ v: {9 i1、跨越二十以上的两位数须要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如:21  twenty-one$ X* @) p2 e7 M# R: p6 H, ~
2、三位数以上的则须要在百位数后再加上and。如:101  a/one hundred and one8 h2 p' s1 O2 I/ M3 |: o
3、用基数词来润饰可数名词时,必定别忘了它的复数情势。如:十八个男孩  eighteen boys
! b7 k+ Z( }2 q4、用基数词润饰不成数名词时,如是复数,变它的量词为复数。

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如:两碗米饭  two bowls of rice
6 S) B& Q% d7 |: ]! p0 ^/ P* N3 Z7 T* r5、序数词一般加“th”,特别的有:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二
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十以外的┞符十:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第几十几3庠鸢面整十不变,后面改为序

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数词。如:88  eighty-eighth
4 [! L$ E" z  Q0 M& p练一练:
1 K. u! e! L# R) f2 I) [; M1、请翻译下列短语。 1 d6 V$ }# _5 X. I. C
160论理学生                              215本英语书                              
3 {. `: W9 P7 v( z" d' g: s7 t! A1 g3)九杯凉水                               44个孩子                                2 T$ y. N( p' v! K% P  j
51231                                 662                                 
+ J( g: M; E& S6 G3 v( V7)第九周                                  840年前                                  8 D5 A( J7 h( K8 e8 ?
911+7                                     10)上学第一天                           
1 g0 Y9 V+ A% @! K2、把下列基数词改成序数词。
0 o1 k; p  z5 g9 W* B5 None---                      two---                       three---                      nine---                 
6 \. T- ^- `" A5 q6 L+ Nfourteen---                     twenty---                      thirty-five---                     eighty-one" U: ?! Y5 M" q4 j6 X" M5 Z( Q

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四、代  
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代词有两种:人称代词和物主代词。0 Q$ E6 p! W9 q) W" [# H% g
1、人称代词分为:第一、第二、第三人称,且有单复数之分。/ s4 w* L. T- E9 C
2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语,一般用在动词前(疑问句除外);宾格在句中做宾语,多  

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用于动词、介词后。
; V1 c* j; _. U, V& z+ ~3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的感化,后面必定要跟名词,表现该名词是属于谁的。+ V" R- h+ z" b- g- X
4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如:8 s0 Z0 }7 {) E5 R6 _
   This is my bag. = This is mine.  That is her ruler. = That is hers.
$ `3 |, |: W) H5 m. ~" a& K一般看后面有没著名词,若有,就用形容词性物主代词;如无,就用名词性物主代词。# N' h7 F5 ]8 g4 Z* g$ f
    请服膺下表:
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$ G% P, l$ h( b2 ?; T8 h% K
/ u8 r  n; M( `) m3 j/ Z: [" f- ^
单数
+ K- k  H' v) @2 h
- f5 L4 e3 \0 c' l
 

$ _2 v6 P" d1 f/ b4 N
+ O1 V; I% T7 p; A
复数
* \. k' g8 m/ p3 e. w
. D, k/ c/ j; `" ~6 e3 y: [: J. {
人称  代词
1 E' w2 L$ g3 u$ j
5 j9 U$ E0 {8 f' E0 {
主格
4 r$ s  U( m+ A$ a
# |' h  Z2 u7 I
I

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0 C6 R: J% R. O3 M  ^8 Z9 S! I
you

  c  D; P7 {) J/ |5 t

7 @3 Q' ?4 _: r
he

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- a4 |. _$ l9 t6 L
she
- a" N+ z/ P" N" e- a* k

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it
) u! F7 j4 d4 ?0 Q
4 |: s/ G5 ^1 Q! n6 t+ c
 

. T3 c; ?% `1 t3 L

% F! K+ p$ L; D9 F
we
4 ]( U7 Q8 N3 g5 B
0 B1 `* c2 D) S5 v! ~* |+ r
you
+ A" K6 ]# z" a4 k8 Y

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they

8 D+ F! D1 s' _& y$ K
* S( g+ X+ u- l2 ]
宾格
2 G# Q) ^% i; T3 y; F# Z

- e2 h0 K' E% O  J5 {- g
me

% ~7 O/ v1 e: p* F. y

" d, P/ n! o& \
you

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1 J* M2 [) ~  Y5 Y
him
" g: ?! c  F1 o0 Z2 G5 w

* D% n* H8 q2 B5 N$ K; W; K
her

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# f* y9 L7 B  u- `4 f
it
" C7 x% B5 c% }( l8 k
3 ~' X. U$ q9 v
us

, P, ~0 t5 s6 M; U4 K; s# P

- ^" T3 {5 N# a/ t& P& l; b
you
$ s  J' k9 C* U5 q! C: ?

, h8 q% R% \2 m- Z3 Q. v3 T
them

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物主  代词
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形容词性
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8 \4 u# E' m2 ^% o; d- \
my
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2 J  y+ c+ c, f
your

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6 m. B0 B, E( _! a  k# @- E
his
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her
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its

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our
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$ H8 o, x3 y( E3 a1 ]" w6 K
your
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" Z, X9 z; ?: P7 v+ Z. L& o. Y7 d) i
their
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名词性
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mine

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yours
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- s. Q7 _. |- m
his

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hers
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3 n: Y+ V. Z4 c' x! M9 f( v7 ~, w
its

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ours

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yours
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theirs

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练一练:
, J% M+ f6 ?* l3 Z& }1、按请求写出响应人称代词。$ _' z' L: k7 E/ S* J, S- [: k
I(宾格)_______              she(形容词性物主代词)_______             we(名词性物主代词)_______
7 a# D0 `( H" x" P: `he(复数)_______            us(单数)_______            theirs(主格)_______ its(宾格)_______

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2、想一想,把下表弥补完全。
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人称代词
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物主代词

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单数

0 o2 A# B4 w; @
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复数

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单数
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复数
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主格

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1 G; y7 b. D  N7 H
宾格
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  Y* N9 N1 R# \; `
主格
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宾格

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形容词性

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名词性
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形容词性

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3 ?2 d4 D& j/ z8 l7 Q* M# J
名词性

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第一人称

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me
* d' w: e# F5 R# B+ y+ z

+ \. t7 k- H( h

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us
- }9 G& _) S# J" A- A2 a

8 v5 S; T  f$ T9 ^, ^8 |; m" I
  G8 b4 ^" l( f' `  ^$ @6 j
5 `# R# x- u9 O( X3 ^* U

( [4 n/ ]6 }3 M! c% g2 N% ^1 s

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our

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2 ^5 d1 f2 s4 Y0 h/ ]

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第二人称
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you
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% H6 f' A: y3 S* O1 m8 E$ {
5 e" Q) [- I3 Z
you

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: }: j# ]: {" O  b* i# R3 q- D
; S7 W% s  H$ g: e& h% E2 G: D; |# c

8 H4 y3 w- ?6 N. ]0 U7 [( \6 t

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5 @$ U9 Y7 {6 m- t
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6 E: Z% O% y2 h/ D- g: [* z
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第三人称

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he
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them
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his

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1 |) S7 n4 t8 m& h) Q+ p

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their

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her
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& [+ D0 l1 O" |: `1 _. \( z" L7 s
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it

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its
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: @# T; y) X2 X) l1 g' G3、用所给词的恰当情势填空。2 E, e' W: \7 g" Y
1That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I ). W) i% j. W# f, _# P1 D
2The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
" h8 O* N3 Y' v# Z3Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I )
) T: p1 @2 T( c% L. z4_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he ) ! \, A2 D6 g+ z  C
5_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you )
) |2 {0 l( {6 o0 f1 k9 N5 r- O! N3 u6Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they ) 2 R& q* l3 d; B) |8 A6 T  S
7I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it ) 1 i  L4 I% j4 i  i, k* S
8Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they ) # ?/ ~+ W- \+ p( y; Z4 `
9Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we ) , q8 X* L3 Y7 K/ c) R$ T
10_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she )
8 O% E6 M* |2 s' K- ]4 Q11Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they )
$ c" _& t: H# C/ T, t0 S12Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )
4 _+ Q* l6 |3 x8 w* \13_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she )
" ]4 S8 l/ d! F4 N5 Y7 T14The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she )

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五、形容词、副词

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1、形容词表现某一事物某人的特点,副词表现某一动作的特点。形容词和副词有三种情势:本相、比拟
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级、第一流。比拟级:+er  第一流:the …+est

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两个主要特点:as……as中心必定用本相,than的前面必定要+er
; |5 u6 K2 n4 S- M2、形容词、副词比拟级的规矩变更如下:: |* a5 D. z. ~; W: ]0 n6 |
1)一般直接+er。如:tall - taller, fast - faster   单音节词假如以-e结尾,只加-r。如:late - later5 u4 e0 {# ?0 z  o4 ^& P0 [
2)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个子音字母,须双写这个字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, fat - fatter
2 d/ X. y  [6 l; G1 i3)以子音字母加-y结尾的词,变yi,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier7 _5 K7 m) p8 n7 \5 V- K
4)双音节和多音节词的比拟级应在原级前加more组成。如:beautiful - more beautiful,
+ z1 I8 {! O5 p9 J. m# Q7 Z     careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting9 n5 e9 {( v2 i; r% {2 }
5)有些不规矩变更的,须一一加以记忆。如:good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder…: Q- a5 Q# _6 N1 ~
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练一练:
: N. O+ B# M. y! `7 n, a1、写出下列形容词、副词的比拟级。0 M5 N; r2 D1 p- i5 T8 [5 u5 ?
big                    good                   long                    tall                     old               
- e( i$ Y2 V8 k( T; O& k* a+ \short                  thin                    heavy                   young                  fat              
/ z( y1 ?$ p9 r+ R% ~light                  strong                   high                    far                     low              ; a( H4 i4 d4 x- `& _
early                  late                     well                    fast                    slow   

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2、用括号内乱所给单词的恰当情势填空。
0 Z5 P* K7 b5 H; W1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.
- a4 C% \1 \2 j3 @2) Look! His hands are _______  ( big ) than mine.
0 z2 Z, k; E1 |+ d, r+ \( i3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates.
' i5 n# p; a& G' G4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?2 L$ S8 {  w6 J4 N0 A1 A
5) Does Jim run as _______slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.: D5 {! X4 A% }! T& m' R
6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten., G1 e9 l- v* i/ v. u4 O0 |
7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.1 x3 D9 j& a' r0 @+ |, S
8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me.
  x. x+ T/ ~7 D9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.

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六、介  

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1、一种虚词。不克不及零丁作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一路组成介词短语,才干在句子中起感化。

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有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of,
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from…to…, at the back of…5 }6 W% C6 O$ a
2、表现时光的介词有:at, on, in。(1at表现在某一个具体的时光点上,或用在固定词组中。如:at ten  

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o’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…2on表现在某日或某日的时光段。如:on Friday, on the
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first of October, on Monday morning…3in表现在某一段时光(月份、季候)里。如:in the afternoon,
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in September, in summer, in 2005…
% x% y3 L" ]8 Y- L1 C% ~$ k' L3in一词还有其他的固定搭配,如:in blue(穿戴蓝色的衣服),in English(用英语表达),take part in(参

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加)。9 c# {3 s* y7 W
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练一练:
1 s* F8 F, w9 i* l! P4 \; ^1、选用括号内乱适当的介词填空。
/ ]) G+ W" B$ U  n1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English?2 I/ Q6 K1 |4 O4 \( {. [, P
2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December.
, W% ]4 V: @: g9 a8 |  m' T3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.
& K! b# M- U+ C4 g8 }8 ?& N4) He doesn’t do well  _______ ( at, on, in ) PE.
3 _- q2 ?  g. r& B8 \; X$ o( K5) Look at those birds  _______ ( on, in ) the tree.
2 l8 I: n  [: z. O. m5 T( N6) We are going to meet  _______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop  _______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten./ u; J7 p. y/ f0 ]
7) Is there a cat    _______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?; N# O0 ?* J& p6 k
8) Helen’s writing *** is  _______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.- u( y8 H0 }8 R1 {- X
9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.
4 l. M( M. s2 n  ^( I* a! T: d2 M10) Does it often rain   _______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?) c5 o$ r; I1 J. l  N
2、圈出下列句子中应用不适当的介词,并将准确的谜底写在横线上。
, D, i3 k- M" k$ S+ e1) Jim is good in English and Maths.               2) The films were in the ground just now.          , p& @% c8 L5 z) P1 G: D3 C# w
3) They are talking to their plans.                4) How many students have their birthdays on May?           
& H5 B" N, q0 z! b9 i3 u' m5) Women’s Day is at the third of March.           6) I can jog to school on the morning.           2 ^, e' |3 G, A1 x  ^8 w' q* |
7) Did you water trees at the farm?                8) Can you come and help me on my English?           
" S& `# K# F' s# ^: \9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning.       10) What did you do on the Spring Festival?           
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