小升初英语语法常识

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发表于 2019-12-7 02:43:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
一、
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表现某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不成数名词。
) p& j* E: J0 }/ v# q" s, m# n夸大:不成数名词都默以为单数,所以老是用is或者was;最好不要依据someanya lot of等词往作判

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断,以免受误导。
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1、可数名词若何变复数情势
) N. A# o. w3 k- t6 ya.一般情形下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音3庠疱子音后读<strike>,浊子音和

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元音后读[z]
# l3 `$ {" U* o+ k0 Xb.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:[iz]$ n( C2 B0 N4 X' T
c.以子音字母+y”结尾,变yi, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;读音:[z]8 t3 {7 [9 A1 `1 r* q5 I
d.以“ffe”结尾,变ffev, 再加-es,如:knife-knives thief-thieves;读音:[z]7 D! t( }: [' V- C( S8 A. N
e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情形

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1)有性命的+es  读音:[z]  如:mango-mangoes  tomato-tomatoes  hero-heroes

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2) 无性命的+s   读音:[z]  如:photo-photos     radio-radios
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f. 不规矩名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,  
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snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish,
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people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese : p2 S/ ]) s6 _' ~2 |. Q3 ]6 i
  2、不成数名词没有复数。假如要盘算不成数名词所表达的数目,就得在数词和不成数名词之间加上

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+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of ***, a bottle of juice- c8 m9 C/ w/ i9 ]% L* A6 e" s# x4 b
判定步调:
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读句子读该单词熟悉该单词懂得意思be动词
2 l* P0 t8 Q" D1 H2 }/ V                                                  ↘如是arewere→ses
) N9 h! a5 l" r练一练:
/ K8 ]/ R, J% B# M1、写出下列各词的复数。 0 {2 E# z9 B) E% q6 X
I _________  him _________  this _______   her ______     watch _______   mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______   day________  foot________ dress ________ tooth_______

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sheep ______   box_______  strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______
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sandwich ______   man______   woman_______  leaf_______   people________
; d* h8 Q2 j* _2、用所给名词的┞俘确情势填空。
& Q; |+ q+ \8 p1 a+ V1Are there two                ( box ) on the table?
; Y" [/ N9 y* N2I can see some                 ( people ) in the cinema.
; p5 c1 f! X6 j) @3How many                 ( day ) are there in a week?- n5 `' X3 P8 g! |; J- n
4Here’re five                ( bottle ) of                  ( juice ) for you.
: C& @* P4 C4 O" e( [0 D8 {5This                ( violin ) is hers. Those                ( grape ) are over there.
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二、冠  
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冠词是一种虚词,不克不及自力应用,凡是放在名词的前面,分为不定冠词定冠词两种。
" s& I9 N! ?6 Z& V  h. |1、不定冠词:aan。用在单数名词前,表现一个,一件……”an用在以元音音素开首的单词前。如:
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an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour…% f6 D$ _8 v1 t
2、定冠词:the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思,有时翻译为这、那。它的基础用法:9 r( N) e  @& v4 E) z$ o
  1)用来表现特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:The map on the wall is new.0 a: B. w4 A& \
  2)表现措辞者两边都知道的人或事物。如:Look at the picture, please./ N$ j% [9 q+ c) V7 K9 R
  3)表现再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如:This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
' x! ?- b/ I/ o; o4 R2 ?: K% ?  4)用在表现世界上并世无双的事物前。如:the sun太阳  the moon月亮  the earth地球
. v7 g. ~  \, t" J  5)用在由通俗名词组成的专著名词前。如:the Great Wall长城
* \! N8 \7 g/ t- G" f2 R) O  6)用在江河、湖海等专著名词前。如:the Changjiang River长江5 ?/ A7 u* x4 W' ~/ f8 h
  7)此外,序数词、形容词第一流、乐器名称档故前面和一些习习用语中一般都用定冠词the。如:
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the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class
# l/ A. X) M& Z断定用aan仍是the时可依据汉语意思。
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1、用aan填空。; L- D! X0 ?( V( P% C# [; \# F+ I
        ____ “U”         ____ ice-cream            ____  goalkeeper           ____ teapot            ____apple
$ C# F# z% `$ o8 M       ____office     ____English book        ____umbrella        ____unit               ____hour            
; K, F6 P3 e; |" g# o2、依据须要,填写冠词aanthe
: U" g! ?' P: i) r; A3 o$ O1Who is ____girl behind ____tree?4 K9 O9 G" V. K! Z+ F
2 ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.' m% M2 X6 U: k% Q) a1 Q
3This is  ____ orange.   ____ orange is Lucy’s.8 `9 d* W4 x- R6 S
4He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby./ e" {  B9 v) X$ g
5We all had____good time last Sunday.
/ Y1 f/ k) [# u2 |/ m0 G- V6She wants to be____doctor.
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三,
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我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。基数用于表现数目几多,而基数词用于表现顺序,常在日期中呈现。差别:基数词前面没有“the”;序数词前必定要有“the”( j) ]  G! m. q3 `
1、跨越二十以上的两位数须要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如:21  twenty-one
, B! r8 G9 M+ k) x( V2、三位数以上的则须要在百位数后再加上and。如:101  a/one hundred and one
( g/ f4 c, ?+ K3、用基数词来润饰可数名词时,必定别忘了它的复数情势。如:十八个男孩  eighteen boys
& E7 a7 F% K2 V) J" R2 h4、用基数词润饰不成数名词时,如是复数,变它的量词为复数。

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如:两碗米饭  two bowls of rice
$ ]$ ~! E) W9 R+ X5 ?6 w9 P/ ^5、序数词一般加“th”,特别的有:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二
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十以外的┞符十:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第几十几3庠鸢面整十不变,后面改为序
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数词。如:88  eighty-eighth
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1、请翻译下列短语。
7 D. z/ J" p/ _0 ~8 J9 Q160论理学生                              215本英语书                              
* H& H+ }7 t' H. w% e3)九杯凉水                               44个孩子                                1 d0 P% _( M2 V# ?# ?6 f' Z
51231                                 662                                 
, w3 Q+ t) z' o8 m2 I% {7)第九周                                  840年前                                  - h! z/ e0 }3 d  W
911+7                                     10)上学第一天                           
3 D, [. A2 l- u( A3 h3 D# u; a3 ?2、把下列基数词改成序数词。
  N& E" E+ r0 ?% Pone---                      two---                       three---                      nine---                 
6 X8 V, u* n% w5 {fourteen---                     twenty---                      thirty-five---                     eighty-one
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四、代  

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代词有两种:人称代词和物主代词。
1 c: Z& `& S2 S7 Y1、人称代词分为:第一、第二、第三人称,且有单复数之分。
  o0 x8 x5 n  N9 Z0 b5 z2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语,一般用在动词前(疑问句除外);宾格在句中做宾语,多  
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用于动词、介词后。
- b- S4 ~/ w6 f/ D* J6 I3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的感化,后面必定要跟名词,表现该名词是属于谁的。
7 c. z$ d3 n* k! k5 E. W/ ^/ |4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如:
2 g7 U3 A. F1 ~% ^: O! |   This is my bag. = This is mine.  That is her ruler. = That is hers.& w8 b) T# \8 k- \/ x
一般看后面有没著名词,若有,就用形容词性物主代词;如无,就用名词性物主代词。
- S  o7 `* P1 k" V: `    请服膺下表:

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单数

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复数
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人称  代词
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主格

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I

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you
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he
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she

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it
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we

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you

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they

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宾格
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me

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you
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him

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her

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it

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us
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you

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them

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物主  代词

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形容词性

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my

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your
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his

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her
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its
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our
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your
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their
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名词性

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mine

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yours
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his
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hers

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its

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ours
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yours

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theirs

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练一练:' w9 c7 J' U/ G3 S' X
1、按请求写出响应人称代词。5 X' d! ?3 F* o9 L* o* E# P0 r
I(宾格)_______              she(形容词性物主代词)_______             we(名词性物主代词)_______
# \; O  q- ]4 d5 T% W( Ahe(复数)_______            us(单数)_______            theirs(主格)_______ its(宾格)_______
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2、想一想,把下表弥补完全。
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人称代词

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物主代词

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单数

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+ \% B$ c4 B4 D9 k
复数

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单数

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复数

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主格
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宾格

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主格

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宾格

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形容词性

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名词性
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形容词性

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名词性
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第一人称

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me
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us
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our
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第二人称

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you

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you
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第三人称

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he

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them

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his
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their
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her

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it
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its
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3、用所给词的恰当情势填空。
$ s. d- u' e, i. O1 P# ?1That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
; G0 Y8 T3 S5 X) v0 n; L2The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she ) / O! Q  O7 S0 [3 X1 r- `
3Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I )
+ _# P1 h/ L% A& |4_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he ) 0 O$ {5 @& q3 c' A6 u
5_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you )
: Q; o: f0 T: o  \, i6Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they )
" w9 g) k% E1 _# F5 F7I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it ) $ H0 X( M' Y/ Y, [5 J, Q
8Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they ) 3 B. j, ~2 h$ ^9 ?/ n$ F8 g+ I0 P
9Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we )
3 E% ~" G: I: b3 v# W# p* b10_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she ) 6 Y$ S! ^" O# v  ~
11Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they )
; H# k* _& U2 ?! _12Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )6 d! D' S+ P: i& @& o
13_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she ) $ q) p5 z8 b9 X: f: g6 I: k! ]
14The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she )

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五、形容词、副词

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1、形容词表现某一事物某人的特点,副词表现某一动作的特点。形容词和副词有三种情势:本相、比拟
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级、第一流。比拟级:+er  第一流:the …+est
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两个主要特点:as……as中心必定用本相,than的前面必定要+er
8 s2 z9 ]4 O( i. S3 S1 p3 ~9 }2、形容词、副词比拟级的规矩变更如下:
9 I# `+ |: [- U1)一般直接+er。如:tall - taller, fast - faster   单音节词假如以-e结尾,只加-r。如:late - later
% Q* [, q8 S. ]( r5 b2)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个子音字母,须双写这个字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, fat - fatter5 x1 Y; x& o. U7 G) E
3)以子音字母加-y结尾的词,变yi,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier8 b6 Q& e6 h% w9 p+ @* a2 f
4)双音节和多音节词的比拟级应在原级前加more组成。如:beautiful - more beautiful, & r4 F: p3 S6 d0 q3 v
     careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting
' ^. u& K3 P2 p( f+ U8 {5)有些不规矩变更的,须一一加以记忆。如:good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder…8 `+ {3 ~1 u" L: v( Q2 [5 n4 m

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练一练:/ f. ~2 d" D" G; U3 M* B
1、写出下列形容词、副词的比拟级。0 G0 i9 d1 \2 f- a4 V/ r
big                    good                   long                    tall                     old               
6 r: X0 V( L: I0 `) @; }short                  thin                    heavy                   young                  fat              
. Y( s* v* F: y' s6 g* Dlight                  strong                   high                    far                     low              7 J) v! @. B; h, ^: O$ [+ `
early                  late                     well                    fast                    slow   

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2、用括号内乱所给单词的恰当情势填空。8 m0 h1 [4 L& ?/ K3 h
1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.! J7 J8 e2 P1 K
2) Look! His hands are _______  ( big ) than mine.6 o- W( D. ]% h1 m* f* O6 R- `0 u
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates.- W& K% z& q/ x2 T
4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?1 K0 ]0 t* H$ T: n/ \+ I/ o+ a
5) Does Jim run as _______slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.
" {7 m( X  G+ a$ \, S. d6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.* M0 F+ a( ^- R% Q
7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class." [2 q1 h  I; c0 ~& r
8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me.
. G4 Z/ E) I  U9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.

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六、介  

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1、一种虚词。不克不及零丁作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一路组成介词短语,才干在句子中起感化。
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有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of,

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from…to…, at the back of…' w& [) R' d+ p; p# r/ J
2、表现时光的介词有:at, on, in。(1at表现在某一个具体的时光点上,或用在固定词组中。如:at ten  
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o’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…2on表现在某日或某日的时光段。如:on Friday, on the
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first of October, on Monday morning…3in表现在某一段时光(月份、季候)里。如:in the afternoon,
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in September, in summer, in 2005…
8 w" K  W0 @& Y( }# G# `3in一词还有其他的固定搭配,如:in blue(穿戴蓝色的衣服),in English(用英语表达),take part in(参
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加)。' v+ h$ K' \  ~9 f+ k3 @0 p5 N+ d7 B

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练一练:7 b. n4 e5 ~" A
1、选用括号内乱适当的介词填空。8 P0 v, Q0 N$ f' T& E6 G& `9 n8 \" t
1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English?; v. X' e2 v- d
2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December." O. ?7 w$ ]/ n  ~+ [3 O$ {9 e
3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.
" M7 G0 s2 g" @  _4 p" U5 q: J' p4) He doesn’t do well  _______ ( at, on, in ) PE.6 e( V% T+ z( ]# m: k
5) Look at those birds  _______ ( on, in ) the tree.
4 D0 D0 K" V* z/ T/ ^! [6) We are going to meet  _______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop  _______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.
2 d* j! b% S% R0 d: r0 o2 ^7) Is there a cat    _______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?
/ q# s/ `( k5 v. A8) Helen’s writing *** is  _______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.  T1 A% [/ Z1 ^" G4 {( y& L" G% c
9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.
2 J; U- C6 F- P% b; v10) Does it often rain   _______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?# T1 G3 X- T7 X. H
2、圈出下列句子中应用不适当的介词,并将准确的谜底写在横线上。
1 p+ A  Z; V5 W$ w; l) [' C1) Jim is good in English and Maths.               2) The films were in the ground just now.          , l# A; O$ c; c
3) They are talking to their plans.                4) How many students have their birthdays on May?           7 O' [6 a- H% F  [
5) Women’s Day is at the third of March.           6) I can jog to school on the morning.           ( z5 s0 z* j: F7 I, \: u
7) Did you water trees at the farm?                8) Can you come and help me on my English?           
. X& p* @6 L3 z# z0 Z9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning.       10) What did you do on the Spring Festival?           
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