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一、 名 词
6 q1 }/ S% P& U" ], v2 [6 Z9 c表现某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不成数名词。$ h6 C( x$ C8 ]3 b- F
夸大:不成数名词都默以为单数,所以老是用is或者was;最好不要依据some、any、a lot of等词往作判
+ k2 x. q( D5 F) Y9 j断,以免受误导。
2 ^; @) [6 ]. D& @1、可数名词若何变“复数情势”:% M L( d' M2 \3 N
a.一般情形下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音3庠疱子音后读<strike>,浊子音和
0 I( K% @3 y) r4 V/ t: W) H2 C元音后读[z]。: R. m, t: U' o- I9 M
b.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:[iz]。& O. ~5 l9 C, H
c.以“子音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;读音:[z]。
% A1 G2 E% \5 g2 z3 e8 {d.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives ,thief-thieves;读音:[z]。+ D7 Q6 E0 p# l0 T: G
e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情形 0 {! g+ k! n. {# K" }5 G
1)有性命的+es 读音:[z] 如:mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes
* q9 g) r7 M9 ] T, j( k8 u2) 无性命的+s 读音:[z] 如:photo-photos radio-radios ( d \) o5 Y9 s0 S& L& j% R
f. 不规矩名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,
& \3 m# m+ v1 O: t7 \snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, - R9 q4 S! w5 O, j4 f% a2 `
people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese * m! b2 H- N- U L* V0 ]: G, ^
2、不成数名词没有复数。假如要盘算不成数名词所表达的数目,就得在数词和不成数名词之间加上“量 , @$ ]2 S: b3 H. A/ b" j4 M8 @
词+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of ***, a bottle of juice. ?5 m1 \7 T9 u/ ~- r' g/ c
判定步调:
% H. s( @9 k% [" r8 T1 G ↗如是am、is或was→本相# b9 k p5 q: E
读句子→读该单词→熟悉该单词→懂得意思→看be动词( F# F/ k$ |/ \
↘如是are或were→加s或es
4 a9 i s0 ^' K+ U$ h9 |练一练:
2 j: X! X' e2 I+ D6 F* P/ S8 V1、写出下列各词的复数。 1 N2 G, u: S* }% y& m
I _________ him _________ this _______ her ______ watch _______ mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______ day________ foot________ dress ________ tooth_______ ' D( W' r9 D1 M/ k9 w- `/ n
sheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______
5 w' t4 W4 d2 @* Z5 p8 H5 _sandwich ______ man______ woman_______ leaf_______ people________
! B* P3 S$ U5 o' t2、用所给名词的┞俘确情势填空。
# ~+ A, j9 V1 U- s(1)Are there two ( box ) on the table?; l7 A1 Y( [% {: J% ?
(2)I can see some ( people ) in the cinema.' q9 R0 {7 ~! S+ X
(3)How many ( day ) are there in a week?
+ Q/ ]4 [" c+ j) w3 K, O- E(4)Here’re five ( bottle ) of ( juice ) for you.
( ` b1 i% g; y- ?5 X: [6 H7 K(5)This ( violin ) is hers. Those ( grape ) are over there.
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' @! ?0 [3 a5 P8 W0 G" I二、冠 词 + k1 j& x1 B {" w* y( N E, g
冠词是一种虚词,不克不及自力应用,凡是放在名词的前面,分为“不定冠词”和“定冠词”两种。
$ l4 L4 C, l; V- k7 v& Q' B' h' H& j1、不定冠词:a、an。用在单数名词前,表现“一个,一件……”。an用在以元音“音素”开首的单词前。如: * \, k4 C; n, r% U
an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour…% c$ T/ i* o) i0 K
2、定冠词:the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思,有时翻译为这、那。它的基础用法:
0 a! y* g! d/ U- N (1)用来表现特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:The map on the wall is new.
+ J9 {8 M9 s5 u5 Q9 h6 P9 ` (2)表现措辞者两边都知道的人或事物。如:Look at the picture, please.
5 y7 d7 ~: K5 w9 m9 h9 i S5 s (3)表现再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如:This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
6 P1 u" p+ q$ B N5 B (4)用在表现世界上并世无双的事物前。如:the sun太阳 the moon月亮 the earth地球
3 H4 |5 n" E( C. f% ?( \5 T0 x7 M- t (5)用在由通俗名词组成的专著名词前。如:the Great Wall长城
0 N6 n$ X3 [7 ]. U( j: [ (6)用在江河、湖海等专著名词前。如:the Changjiang River长江. e# {( o& M, ?
(7)此外,序数词、形容词第一流、乐器名称档故前面和一些习习用语中一般都用定冠词the。如: ; }) n7 t& {. J. N$ @' J* N/ x
the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class: a0 z4 x4 {+ {9 V
断定用a、an仍是the时可依据汉语意思。
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1、用a或an填空。
% L+ s3 s0 g, \& i' [! J ____ “U” ____ ice-cream ____ goalkeeper ____ teapot ____apple
$ E. e8 d# x0 [! D9 S ____office ____English book ____umbrella ____unit ____hour
- W$ z1 |( f& K6 K8 e2、依据须要,填写冠词a,an或the。
- T+ {6 k' t/ K T$ D: b( v0 Y S(1)Who is ____girl behind ____tree?( b8 e9 {% R/ R) b
(2) ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.' V, Q# P1 o1 Q
(3)This is ____ orange. ____ orange is Lucy’s.
6 O; n( A- T' F- L u% L+ O(4)He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.
" Z0 k1 v* @6 F6 [(5)We all had____good time last Sunday.
! p) P! {4 E5 J; m- ~' H" u(6)She wants to be____doctor. 0 M8 [2 T- a2 ~4 X9 W! z! D
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% p* S6 m+ X! u4 m/ w三, 数 词 # p* [3 y+ G5 Q3 N
我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。基数用于表现数目几多,而基数词用于表现顺序,常在日期中呈现。差别:基数词前面没有“the”;序数词前必定要有“the”。4 f: z+ c ?" g7 p% j& Q
1、跨越二十以上的两位数须要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如:21 twenty-one
7 r; D) ^% ]4 g/ T" |6 F% G2、三位数以上的则须要在百位数后再加上and。如:101 a/one hundred and one
. l H e' Z1 z3、用基数词来润饰可数名词时,必定别忘了它的复数情势。如:十八个男孩 eighteen boys* R+ l) t* g- _8 t
4、用基数词润饰不成数名词时,如是复数,变它的量词为复数。
3 b0 o) A; ]3 `; i- t如:两碗米饭 two bowls of rice
( T' O4 n4 h% L- h( V+ G2 E5、序数词一般加“th”,特别的有:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二
* f" c g8 a8 Z" M9 o- p十以外的┞符十:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第几十几”3庠鸢面整十不变,后面“几”改为序
& [9 N3 R1 I% v2 M) m数词。如:88 eighty-eighth
5 C# m3 f" r: d y/ _" x6 `# z练一练:
) ?# B8 o1 x, W0 J; d" w# s1、请翻译下列短语。
* ^ |( X, p7 y& A" `(1)60论理学生 (2)15本英语书
* G/ p# J. K$ i5 F! |(3)九杯凉水 (4)4个孩子
" S' h: ?) j P6 f(5)12月31 (6)6月2日
$ L$ ]; E, s" s" l. T(7)第九周 (8)40年前 ' Y4 F9 T7 z4 B
(9)11+7 (10)上学第一天
7 D2 P; b0 Y8 y2、把下列基数词改成序数词。
2 v" u) U5 C/ p" z# c: Zone--- two--- three--- nine--- * |( K- U7 h" o" C9 B! I; O
fourteen--- twenty--- thirty-five--- eighty-one
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四、代 词 + U7 t- R& j5 ^- {. T$ @6 ?! Q* A9 B
代词有两种:人称代词和物主代词。: p! S' b' @6 p% p' e* s
1、人称代词分为:第一、第二、第三人称,且有单复数之分。. ?% c6 V( v: y' |2 P
2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语,一般用在动词前(疑问句除外);宾格在句中做宾语,多 6 ~( g/ c& a& Y1 t
用于动词、介词后。, L B1 T) }; g+ J
3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的感化,后面必定要跟名词,表现该名词是属于谁的。" B5 v" d( D0 [) A: I% p
4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如:
2 o2 e- H; F |! { This is my bag. = This is mine. That is her ruler. = That is hers.
2 q1 \/ V, P( F V+ }3 [一般看后面有没著名词,若有,就用形容词性物主代词;如无,就用名词性物主代词。 }. Q* R9 ?3 r* I
请服膺下表: % _4 h \( q% L$ l% X/ B2 P
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" S7 L2 _; o' L/ [- v& D单数
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8 B5 Z4 i6 n, p" d( X B' e
4 b2 j* e7 i& ]+ D
复数
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' P: f6 r2 b( y( Z人称 代词 : W7 _* Z, [9 _1 J' o; @; _5 k7 Q2 t# E
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I 2 p: T# W) d3 i; j7 @- L
& A- k/ i. @! L7 L+ H d5 Pyou
5 c8 Z. x u/ O7 }- J7 ]3 A, u
: e- h' B* u4 A. Q0 ^# ]he
3 [5 K' ` B* Y0 m( s, l 5 Q- f/ M* m9 R! C+ A: s- F
% a4 w5 [+ Z8 A J' b! D9 q
it 2 J+ Z }# e9 P8 y6 i( a7 N8 _
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we / e) u1 f$ q* |* Q. S2 y; k
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5 \+ ]: [4 y1 \
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me ; V3 {& v/ h' S9 `7 i+ P7 ?
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5 D8 y/ l8 V7 L7 b/ Jus 8 e5 A1 s2 ^) F# y7 a4 K- i
( ]) b5 h, O9 k/ K% _you * J, D7 h5 r0 y, R# N' K
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物主 代词 4 r& u# P! s, Z! c4 B
" q: j6 j4 t! X5 b) n3 {9 C形容词性
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: H" u) O8 s9 S3 Xyour # ?5 n& |! H6 m3 }* b/ q
" i% k% Q/ S+ t( V9 M; Whis
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our
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" x! c0 h* H$ l) d2 F) z7 x0 }your & n, j3 z# v" H |; T1 }
& _6 A/ R, s& N& _8 G+ e
4 p- J9 d( Q/ z" y
' V" I! p( s( R' M2 e/ ]mine ! m4 _8 E8 |) L. E1 Y! q
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yours * R4 i5 T' l3 R3 d2 |
1 O; Y0 A; D5 Z8 P' r6 R" r! Z- n9 Zhis : }# w% a$ L3 W- ^1 M( m
4 d) { d1 A8 g2 Y$ V1 ?# t m Rhers
3 h% D# l, U% N1 c" Y3 ~6 F8 w. `
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ours - W, f ], c6 {: y3 N" h! }
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, { [4 Y' h1 M3 W( K* A Y& ]theirs
1 h8 ?0 O$ s) g& K* j
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! l h# s" F; E( ]9 A% R5 E" l' G) D练一练:# R0 u' n4 n3 W" _: q- c
1、按请求写出响应人称代词。
' }, v" T9 O' v W* _I(宾格)_______ she(形容词性物主代词)_______ we(名词性物主代词)_______
( W& D8 f1 v d+ H# a( ~3 ~he(复数)_______ us(单数)_______ theirs(主格)_______ its(宾格)_______ 9 T; }9 n. U! c) W w
2、想一想,把下表弥补完全。 . h* Y# ^0 F" U0 ~2 Q1 L4 n
, h8 ^; p* N/ Y7 i$ ?7 ^ n; s: w, z / l- u/ F0 X1 w2 j
人称代词
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1 K* v( {- V, {* A+ C( F5 h# |/ b- h# Z$ f& s) B3 E% D
单数
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( X' ^$ |/ n) U1 Q* k- P复数
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复数
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宾格 # N/ F b! A1 H9 [; U8 x' p
! G/ p% U+ B7 j' f! A
! E3 O" q: R2 r, k8 l1 `( c宾格 + `2 T6 m$ j$ b1 {* p& o, K/ i. D
( c) q1 g9 W6 f j
形容词性
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名词性 * w& e6 j1 i! Y! F& b1 I
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R: d; x8 \1 Q4 C& Y1 u8 U+ S名词性 ' E0 y/ U! i$ |! E3 K h
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me
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0 s9 E4 Y2 q0 @! s0 u2 B, G
1 M3 `; k& k5 r' B% H$ ^- J2 V3 L' T
3 @3 |8 p) f0 c% P/ F3 T4 n$ s2 c/ S 0 e" @, Q1 a* d' b \+ J+ j
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our 0 r1 `+ _0 J. k' J# |6 Y, ?% g
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, R- ?$ Y0 [+ T$ R3 P* ryou ! z% i% W; I3 n* E- [5 N; `/ Y2 d/ G
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9 ^8 p4 m) D3 \; y. v) m, @1 N
; P" ~" B6 ]. b3 V- A第三人称
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4 ~% r' L( t. vhe , s" y3 }4 d; ^2 ?" d& W: x3 g1 S
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5 M7 s" x( V- k8 ?8 ~1 @; _
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them ! @4 c& } k1 p7 a; U4 _0 A7 E; ^
: a2 h) B1 P' g# M; I
his 8 [9 O- V2 S9 n1 b! C; t$ p' j
2 w4 B/ O* {6 s T) W% k " y% c2 r. T5 x/ K9 w4 q7 Y) k7 p
. U9 e$ @7 y6 r7 c: ^$ @
their , t9 n$ o, o$ S8 X: a# r J+ u
7 U/ p7 A" x5 ~, D6 ]; |8 L
# `& a( Q T" o/ i$ k7 ~# X' d7 r $ `+ ~+ o+ f+ Q0 x1 y! j( a
; V1 J) l h Yher
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# V; [6 O# l0 |! \. J$ [9 v
* Q5 A/ {6 l* s7 \9 P$ p S
& R) e+ p1 Z# P6 r4 z/ E# ^7 N$ F6 ^! H9 }
it
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3、用所给词的恰当情势填空。
7 s1 Y- e: @# n8 w" }3 a- C$ w7 x. e1)That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
3 F3 |8 Y$ i3 c6 r! E, ~& x2)The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
2 O8 E/ P6 h2 q3)Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I ) - H" k$ |5 M9 d, ]0 j
4)_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he )
3 Q3 @7 U& }4 k6 A% q8 i5)_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you ) 6 W& f! t u( X" u T8 J6 w
6)Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they )
( K; Y. l, w( u7)I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it )
. {$ P* e) {' `8)Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they )
; w5 D% m1 M" z9)Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we )
- i1 _- l% A7 f: G; x3 _0 V10)_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she ) 6 E4 {$ x/ A1 \6 g( @
11)Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they ) : u& V; ^8 |) z7 |& d2 g* S
12)Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )/ R9 p2 ]0 \1 j1 q+ ~3 _- N
13)_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she )
+ E9 k9 R# B2 Q6 `+ z) ^14)The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she ) " K) J) r% s' a0 x! p2 F
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五、形容词、副词
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1 t; R+ U4 L; |$ z2 o1、形容词表现某一事物某人的特点,副词表现某一动作的特点。形容词和副词有三种情势:本相、比拟
' }0 W# f; Y) [. `8 P级、第一流。比拟级:+er 第一流:the …+est
" a+ z: a* H4 O9 ^) B; f. T E; C两个主要特点:as……as中心必定用本相,than的前面必定要+er。
3 Q! q& A0 u( v5 Q2、形容词、副词比拟级的规矩变更如下:
+ w: t$ n2 z, C& }6 j, C/ N(1)一般直接+er。如:tall - taller, fast - faster 单音节词假如以-e结尾,只加-r。如:late - later
. n \ S5 K2 g(2)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个子音字母,须双写这个字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, fat - fatter
3 g5 f+ ^9 S0 |6 t# f0 n) E9 r(3)以子音字母加-y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier
* c/ W0 |1 F5 s. o6 n/ V8 Y/ S(4)双音节和多音节词的比拟级应在原级前加more组成。如:beautiful - more beautiful,
! n% |/ m( k% S$ h9 q5 t careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting
) t$ `& g+ e" `2 S* U" t' m(5)有些不规矩变更的,须一一加以记忆。如:good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder…
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! ~) F$ {' k- w9 S% c3 P8 Z$ i练一练:" d/ J* X5 h( m T( n+ {$ C
1、写出下列形容词、副词的比拟级。
9 E* h, |/ b# K6 q ]big good long tall old
+ G7 T" Z$ \: ^6 r }short thin heavy young fat 1 K" X: W( }# ~9 a, p
light strong high far low ' z, q0 k8 N1 p E
early late well fast slow
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& D" A3 j" J4 V, R: X7 Y( g2、用括号内乱所给单词的恰当情势填空。+ q6 u- J# v6 q; i
1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.
7 S% P* S7 i9 [4 }% _( k3 H6 Z2) Look! His hands are _______ ( big ) than mine.4 m; i* N4 z6 Y; q7 X+ b: J
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates./ ]3 A1 c9 X1 p- b2 a2 _8 n7 F6 P
4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
7 H E/ Q8 g; V% _1 [5 M/ q' l/ G5) Does Jim run as _______(slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.. Y( f8 M; C- ?+ V
6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.* q3 t O# y- u* N! g' M
7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.
2 u, M; T+ p- Q6 {& ^4 j8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me.
3 O& F/ Y. O: ~9 T' G5 N3 k9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.
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6 E8 `* C1 I4 N/ W- S. Z六、介 词
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1、一种虚词。不克不及零丁作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一路组成介词短语,才干在句子中起感化。
* @7 }2 G5 f' g, b; c ^7 L e有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of,
/ K6 ^% p1 ]* G/ |from…to…, at the back of…
# k, [ o5 G" n! f# F( Z% I2、表现时光的介词有:at, on, in。(1)at表现“在某一个具体的时光点上”,或用在固定词组中。如:at ten
. g3 @! a5 a- F- A0 Fo’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…(2)on表现“在某日或某日的时光段”。如:on Friday, on the : d( Q* V; v3 v
first of October, on Monday morning…(3)in表现“在某一段时光(月份、季候)里”。如:in the afternoon,
7 ?' _2 R/ M" s& P+ h% E( Y$ rin September, in summer, in 2005…: n( L1 k. |7 J/ v& E: s u; [
3、in一词还有其他的固定搭配,如:in blue(穿戴蓝色的衣服),in English(用英语表达),take part in(参
+ T# C9 I' D- a加)。
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) V5 c* n. q, g练一练:+ @8 ~0 L+ k6 x) ]' a4 t
1、选用括号内乱适当的介词填空。3 x5 _+ u) S: }; D. g7 c' M
1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English?6 b- F" Y$ T1 i; R# K S+ y' m
2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December., K# b& S/ n7 ]- d/ J, M
3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.
% e( G" f9 v( ]& g: |' _. b) `4) He doesn’t do well _______ ( at, on, in ) PE.
j2 ^) N+ @, |' z' q) B( i) L9 e! g5) Look at those birds _______ ( on, in ) the tree.9 O+ M' A. m; U7 l; D
6) We are going to meet _______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop _______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.0 O& T# I( ?. q' J9 |+ |
7) Is there a cat _______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?
. e" S. j& s+ W" C8) Helen’s writing *** is _______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.+ H; e/ V) N+ S% S) S) O
9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.7 y4 V% s. o1 c, Y
10) Does it often rain _______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?% a* q. l. l4 v# ^- s# N. V3 f! x+ S
2、圈出下列句子中应用不适当的介词,并将准确的谜底写在横线上。
/ E ]) p5 F: _- l: \$ H7 j; F1) Jim is good in English and Maths. 2) The films were in the ground just now.
V5 I7 H% {, n8 a0 o2 `3) They are talking to their plans. 4) How many students have their birthdays on May? 4 O6 W; b' S0 W. q" l% F' Q
5) Women’s Day is at the third of March. 6) I can jog to school on the morning.
' B' S/ r2 W: X! Z2 m$ z% Y7) Did you water trees at the farm? 8) Can you come and help me on my English?
! X5 ^% {4 m8 Z$ Q# |9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning. 10) What did you do on the Spring Festival? |