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一、 名 词
+ t0 V' R: q: @- f' b表现某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不成数名词。. [( }3 v8 A% g- Q3 `
夸大:不成数名词都默以为单数,所以老是用is或者was;最好不要依据some、any、a lot of等词往作判 ! d4 o1 l( R/ U9 T$ c3 z; d( ]+ k
断,以免受误导。 6 R! Z4 {$ N# u: u+ N0 v
1、可数名词若何变“复数情势”:
% F# h2 s: H* l; c4 w6 f' R3 Sa.一般情形下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音3庠疱子音后读<strike>,浊子音和
+ D$ B! f. _+ \8 m9 N+ `+ f% R元音后读[z]。. z5 w( y$ Q2 H6 b! \8 `( l
b.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:[iz]。; F1 j6 E) y4 R% B& F. {+ g4 w* z
c.以“子音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;读音:[z]。0 L) D j1 ?2 c$ x
d.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives ,thief-thieves;读音:[z]。! A% R4 ]# s2 K- F6 x6 M/ g+ m
e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情形
, W9 |7 a" ^' O1)有性命的+es 读音:[z] 如:mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes
4 g' I! j0 ^3 G- i% h1 w2) 无性命的+s 读音:[z] 如:photo-photos radio-radios + D0 g' \' D) A0 [9 i; ]
f. 不规矩名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, 9 V+ {+ c$ T! ~; x* O! }
snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, 3 F, Y0 Z! M$ h" C8 @7 V8 x
people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese & H$ e- _2 H+ O! \
2、不成数名词没有复数。假如要盘算不成数名词所表达的数目,就得在数词和不成数名词之间加上“量
6 T7 q8 C# P# B+ ~3 h词+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of ***, a bottle of juice
5 \3 m' u4 i, l) V K9 J# T判定步调:
8 O4 u1 q- e A: j. R- e" @0 Q ↗如是am、is或was→本相" b, `. K, V# v. Q E
读句子→读该单词→熟悉该单词→懂得意思→看be动词, `( ~ E7 f; K0 q1 ^
↘如是are或were→加s或es
4 }; |) ]5 x# a$ a ^. u' M练一练:
: f2 p3 D3 q" V# U# l7 z1、写出下列各词的复数。 $ K3 ?8 ~ E2 H0 s$ N$ w- I$ m
I _________ him _________ this _______ her ______ watch _______ mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______ day________ foot________ dress ________ tooth_______ ! U9 R7 y5 [$ ^ o
sheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______
! N! P7 B4 a x8 W& y) lsandwich ______ man______ woman_______ leaf_______ people________( v0 @1 ^: f2 |+ l$ ?- x
2、用所给名词的┞俘确情势填空。
8 U4 T& h' A0 l% |! d2 {" A, ^(1)Are there two ( box ) on the table?* G, n5 _! w& ^) I6 F
(2)I can see some ( people ) in the cinema.
7 R8 t* s( G+ T6 S( z& V5 c3 K* ^(3)How many ( day ) are there in a week? v& V& }, Z! @, e, E- M8 b
(4)Here’re five ( bottle ) of ( juice ) for you.# @- m+ m5 w& t4 }$ w' w" m+ |' a
(5)This ( violin ) is hers. Those ( grape ) are over there.
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二、冠 词
9 K5 |# r+ G7 v( E' }- q冠词是一种虚词,不克不及自力应用,凡是放在名词的前面,分为“不定冠词”和“定冠词”两种。
6 A! @* C3 h5 J/ E( D/ D+ _ z; b1、不定冠词:a、an。用在单数名词前,表现“一个,一件……”。an用在以元音“音素”开首的单词前。如:
/ }# t$ P5 r( san e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour…
# b& b5 {: r" H. o6 Q; T2、定冠词:the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思,有时翻译为这、那。它的基础用法:8 R: y$ E* t6 s' T- g% y! T
(1)用来表现特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:The map on the wall is new.- [. u% c/ ?9 c/ T" I& n
(2)表现措辞者两边都知道的人或事物。如:Look at the picture, please.
, k/ I3 o n3 y- p (3)表现再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如:This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
0 k& @" k/ F, E$ V& X' \. X' ? (4)用在表现世界上并世无双的事物前。如:the sun太阳 the moon月亮 the earth地球
: } H8 J$ }# R P (5)用在由通俗名词组成的专著名词前。如:the Great Wall长城. O' m2 X0 \0 q' E
(6)用在江河、湖海等专著名词前。如:the Changjiang River长江
+ h# B3 p/ c' c' N" t) I (7)此外,序数词、形容词第一流、乐器名称档故前面和一些习习用语中一般都用定冠词the。如:
w4 Z# p& z0 Uthe first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class! q& v( G$ D* D1 [4 r
断定用a、an仍是the时可依据汉语意思。/ a1 K4 x& D1 E- C$ Z
练一练:
% y8 B. g2 H7 b- P5 T1、用a或an填空。( E- N6 B; |% ^1 I; k$ X
____ “U” ____ ice-cream ____ goalkeeper ____ teapot ____apple+ _6 M9 y# |" n. C
____office ____English book ____umbrella ____unit ____hour 1 H; N4 F: N0 `/ U4 o4 [- d( j
2、依据须要,填写冠词a,an或the。
$ W/ x P' D/ ?(1)Who is ____girl behind ____tree?' e. d3 k3 S( J- r0 |2 U
(2) ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.7 Q ^! M: b7 e2 w7 G3 N
(3)This is ____ orange. ____ orange is Lucy’s.
5 P2 `1 L: ^% J* E2 J0 O(4)He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.+ h( b0 ]4 W* o% F+ {( `: h
(5)We all had____good time last Sunday.: \5 N' G3 a! T- j& |
(6)She wants to be____doctor.
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7 R4 P: }# W- m三, 数 词 5 H! N# v3 e/ F5 O/ ^
我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。基数用于表现数目几多,而基数词用于表现顺序,常在日期中呈现。差别:基数词前面没有“the”;序数词前必定要有“the”。
8 b; F0 B k, X* N( w2 D( x6 |1、跨越二十以上的两位数须要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如:21 twenty-one
2 d1 R/ W, v( F& Y2 f. n: T$ o2、三位数以上的则须要在百位数后再加上and。如:101 a/one hundred and one2 c8 C) o. j& {- n3 ?! y
3、用基数词来润饰可数名词时,必定别忘了它的复数情势。如:十八个男孩 eighteen boys
I0 Y, Z) n6 x3 o4、用基数词润饰不成数名词时,如是复数,变它的量词为复数。 6 f. n4 W3 A" d2 e- u. ]
如:两碗米饭 two bowls of rice4 k% f+ i# Z, }* B
5、序数词一般加“th”,特别的有:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二
% Y; m$ N6 T5 E( S0 a0 x5 ~十以外的┞符十:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第几十几”3庠鸢面整十不变,后面“几”改为序
t6 k1 g6 @8 S& r M" C3 ?5 [7 v: I) J数词。如:88 eighty-eighth. U4 e; j2 j( E1 x9 q7 e$ N( M
练一练:$ O# }" T/ a( D% ]3 M+ n$ m+ a3 F
1、请翻译下列短语。 ) g- w. i3 }0 t) V! ~5 w
(1)60论理学生 (2)15本英语书 " b6 S9 p4 G8 I8 y! b
(3)九杯凉水 (4)4个孩子 5 n o2 k9 f8 h! G9 R" P
(5)12月31 (6)6月2日
+ }7 d! `8 z# K: ^4 m6 I) W(7)第九周 (8)40年前 * U! G' t! G( g
(9)11+7 (10)上学第一天 ) ?" A: k1 J; r& O& v
2、把下列基数词改成序数词。
C" ~9 a" G( ^- b" W/ G, Tone--- two--- three--- nine--- ! u. \' U9 U- j, P1 [" u
fourteen--- twenty--- thirty-five--- eighty-one
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4 A; t. ?) Z; ]( v: i; i; s四、代 词
. y- c: e7 d( m; C0 S代词有两种:人称代词和物主代词。
7 D2 ~# h7 S6 H, W; r+ l2 P1、人称代词分为:第一、第二、第三人称,且有单复数之分。
4 x5 I' e: B7 m" H2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语,一般用在动词前(疑问句除外);宾格在句中做宾语,多 $ X% A8 G& U: J7 J5 @
用于动词、介词后。
8 K9 @6 s0 Z0 S d1 X" t% ~7 h7 k3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的感化,后面必定要跟名词,表现该名词是属于谁的。
8 _' l U% o6 U; o% h' @: p4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如:
! A+ h5 V5 f. b This is my bag. = This is mine. That is her ruler. = That is hers.
8 p @' \+ H+ g4 a/ E一般看后面有没著名词,若有,就用形容词性物主代词;如无,就用名词性物主代词。
2 T% R1 O: } [6 _: G7 @ 请服膺下表: $ l' W' @6 g6 u a
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, k9 @0 g4 a- ]. J人称 代词
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he
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she
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you
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they ; H5 e" A' E; y, j7 u
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me
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him
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it
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them
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my
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your + g0 }/ p, E6 z: r9 ]7 i1 W) f
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his
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; ^6 v5 A1 a' D: xher # t8 p/ {4 |' s7 M% D0 O
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our
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their 4 O( K) D& \3 X) o; g1 \' g
+ F) P S+ k0 {+ I名词性 & c9 ^) {4 v! F' s% v9 h$ e
8 `1 k1 F' z4 ?3 rmine
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its 3 {( h/ w) O0 x" c6 E. y) ]' Y
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. y; M; S. T$ T. A ], |yours
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练一练:& W5 e7 E l+ T/ L
1、按请求写出响应人称代词。5 w$ W3 n$ Y) {5 K0 w+ `
I(宾格)_______ she(形容词性物主代词)_______ we(名词性物主代词)_______
7 M# Z( H4 j# o4 Nhe(复数)_______ us(单数)_______ theirs(主格)_______ its(宾格)_______
5 W/ k4 x# ^6 ^% O& ^ n& p, i2、想一想,把下表弥补完全。 4 O/ f" I3 C e: B: \% T
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人称代词 ; |. i$ s5 j" R8 L8 u# J8 {
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0 \& M% J ]( P单数 7 W8 U. a, s6 L+ n H. c' R1 R
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复数 : D3 [5 [0 ~( a0 T4 q1 J& Q
u% F8 t1 q/ t0 N6 t单数
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复数 9 H) t/ q2 y1 ?' Q6 m) e1 w
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主格 2 D# J) f% S K) N4 E# s* a
. @ S- N% s& l: J宾格
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主格
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5 A5 g/ z) @% m, V! Z形容词性 # N. l8 C0 d& R! t- x; O9 D# J
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形容词性
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7 } y3 v7 l9 A* i7 `名词性
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. ^9 V) k |! b# v& g第一人称
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our
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( Q# M0 T' Z$ K% e& Z第二人称
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& n( A2 ?- v5 l" }7 \- @" Xyou
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you
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第三人称
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: f5 z/ A# H9 A$ a4 i) @he
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G# } S( n& q
them 9 b, g) O' Z8 a# A. _# K
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his
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3、用所给词的恰当情势填空。# ?3 b8 x# t, o
1)That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
% ]0 Q$ J6 e7 e6 c& P; q) M. F2)The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she ) % H) v+ d5 e' h/ u2 Z$ A
3)Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I ) ) Q; A* j, M" K$ }) M3 O4 r
4)_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he )
( w' ?: A+ a5 z/ w2 f5 U5)_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you )
b8 h# f q3 `& z; t7 N6)Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they )
6 s/ _' u' y( \8 ~7)I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it )
: Y v' O* P0 H2 `# |- s, f8)Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they ) ; P M' T6 o+ N" n5 s' G! u
9)Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we ) 6 q! i: u; p* t% @* I& o* _
10)_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she ) 2 z \4 E: `$ k6 F
11)Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they ) & }2 E/ a |4 g0 n4 V
12)Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )+ t4 V8 O M$ h! E/ s
13)_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she ) 3 x& i! c$ w/ ?' n
14)The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she )
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5 `. \' ^0 b1 h9 ~) B& h& @) R3 J& |五、形容词、副词
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1、形容词表现某一事物某人的特点,副词表现某一动作的特点。形容词和副词有三种情势:本相、比拟 / B% D; s, L# N6 q0 }& x
级、第一流。比拟级:+er 第一流:the …+est 1 X: t, P; w1 X1 c
两个主要特点:as……as中心必定用本相,than的前面必定要+er。3 E- ^6 G. T9 r8 S9 y" l; P
2、形容词、副词比拟级的规矩变更如下:* U1 v% S0 Z5 F; |
(1)一般直接+er。如:tall - taller, fast - faster 单音节词假如以-e结尾,只加-r。如:late - later
5 z* e2 |2 S+ b! b& d% |(2)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个子音字母,须双写这个字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, fat - fatter
7 {. I* P6 M. t! ?(3)以子音字母加-y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier. V; @3 ?$ P/ B/ B
(4)双音节和多音节词的比拟级应在原级前加more组成。如:beautiful - more beautiful, * I# I' V/ c2 r" u& l5 s" Y
careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting- l$ R4 q2 l9 Z3 h0 n6 ]: K
(5)有些不规矩变更的,须一一加以记忆。如:good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder…; _, @# A, H% s8 Y1 t1 k8 c
: P8 b$ ?% R3 _& b2 [! g练一练:
1 h6 y& W$ w% g" R% k! I1、写出下列形容词、副词的比拟级。" ^; O3 I% y( L2 K
big good long tall old 4 b7 T3 t% D2 ~" Y3 d0 s9 u) C' l
short thin heavy young fat
) V2 u( ~0 y& ?+ K9 t9 l2 Rlight strong high far low 1 O* l" o! B0 K8 g! H4 b
early late well fast slow
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; `& O9 G6 ^, Y' Q/ r& J+ j! R2、用括号内乱所给单词的恰当情势填空。
6 q" A( `/ L" l$ l6 B2 N- Y9 q! O1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.
; A& L% r: L0 o% H7 C2) Look! His hands are _______ ( big ) than mine.8 c9 Y e: g |/ O9 T! e Q- l
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates.
0 g8 q9 H/ x$ d o4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
: G+ l$ z/ [ b4 b- V+ `! q5) Does Jim run as _______(slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.
3 b) ^, y; _2 ~, p6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.
$ _, w, [6 X- \: e7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.
0 s9 g i* K4 q1 i. r8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me.
# F @% e' Y) |' d: p9 G& Y6 X9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here. : Y% u8 B- M. d
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六、介 词 ! q4 ^( a7 e. v \% z
; s, E0 y8 W% K+ y; u$ |8 x9 c0 L- {1、一种虚词。不克不及零丁作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一路组成介词短语,才干在句子中起感化。
) Y1 Y0 c& S$ G+ B# [! Q有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of,
9 G/ r5 _$ o s& ?9 [, \from…to…, at the back of…3 b; I! k" b8 V" {# H6 v
2、表现时光的介词有:at, on, in。(1)at表现“在某一个具体的时光点上”,或用在固定词组中。如:at ten & h6 t' |( A. Z$ r7 Z* a
o’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…(2)on表现“在某日或某日的时光段”。如:on Friday, on the
: ]# f% M! ?2 Sfirst of October, on Monday morning…(3)in表现“在某一段时光(月份、季候)里”。如:in the afternoon,
0 ]. k* c5 N! P# ~( W. J! Hin September, in summer, in 2005…
$ R& H! A9 A+ w3、in一词还有其他的固定搭配,如:in blue(穿戴蓝色的衣服),in English(用英语表达),take part in(参
7 z- }/ ~$ S+ }5 s加)。
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练一练:
; s/ h) D2 i, U6 l0 U6 h( r- I1、选用括号内乱适当的介词填空。; a; q* k$ ?# |7 k# `
1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English?
( {4 T9 X0 F) j4 a2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December.( ]: A% }1 Z# h+ Z- O
3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.
& n6 ^* f+ Z/ }1 o! }* O1 n7 `4) He doesn’t do well _______ ( at, on, in ) PE.
4 X/ [: b S+ H0 ]5) Look at those birds _______ ( on, in ) the tree.3 P2 U8 ^4 ~. c8 W5 k
6) We are going to meet _______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop _______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.( ?4 U" c2 B% O3 }( q7 e) N- R
7) Is there a cat _______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?) X3 ~6 K* ]) F! P: ?8 p
8) Helen’s writing *** is _______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.
; W2 n. j7 ]: b. g: Y9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.
6 c0 ^5 N8 p' \- h- N0 A5 y( {10) Does it often rain _______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?7 ~$ [3 e2 S# k: V3 I) I; t! p! I
2、圈出下列句子中应用不适当的介词,并将准确的谜底写在横线上。9 i; h, |& M! o( Q6 B& l$ X( ~
1) Jim is good in English and Maths. 2) The films were in the ground just now.
5 q0 y% x7 @- i4 q! c3) They are talking to their plans. 4) How many students have their birthdays on May?
0 x+ c0 Y" i; Q) |7 U5) Women’s Day is at the third of March. 6) I can jog to school on the morning.
3 r& V4 k- Q; D; E5 D7) Did you water trees at the farm? 8) Can you come and help me on my English?
( x- i- f" h9 R1 B9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning. 10) What did you do on the Spring Festival? |