一、 名 词
3 t- M. L+ s4 A) e; {! K/ \表现某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不成数名词。
& u4 B% ]+ Y" w; y# Q夸大:不成数名词都默以为单数,所以老是用is或者was;最好不要依据some、any、a lot of等词往作判
$ A$ ]/ s- {1 t0 A7 a断,以免受误导。
e @# J$ A; Y0 F+ [9 u1、可数名词若何变“复数情势”:
- @' J0 _1 i- D! K" B3 Sa.一般情形下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音3庠疱子音后读<strike>,浊子音和 # \4 A, F4 I) A" H' L0 M0 g5 W
元音后读[z]。
9 I4 t2 |! O: z' @b.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:[iz]。1 k5 y4 ~$ @2 ~9 \% w: u
c.以“子音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;读音:[z]。: ^) l [! J6 w" Q
d.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives ,thief-thieves;读音:[z]。: ]( c9 J' x& g" b
e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情形 ! B1 J! G) G( `" H F7 _6 ]% o
1)有性命的+es 读音:[z] 如:mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes
2 S0 O* q& R# Z C; _. q( h4 X2) 无性命的+s 读音:[z] 如:photo-photos radio-radios
* q$ ^% y, u0 W+ yf. 不规矩名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, ; U! H$ s. ]( F9 _" S$ i1 c [
snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish,
$ V, o/ N3 W7 [* ]7 b5 o& |people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese & w" w( T6 M7 Y- t
2、不成数名词没有复数。假如要盘算不成数名词所表达的数目,就得在数词和不成数名词之间加上“量
4 |% g% K8 N7 m' R; H词+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of ***, a bottle of juice7 m8 K) q; d4 ^8 A) g* Y7 m
判定步调:0 w, `* f: u3 B F
↗如是am、is或was→本相
. H! Q0 K! t" f6 `2 N$ E" ~6 X读句子→读该单词→熟悉该单词→懂得意思→看be动词3 l2 Z. ?3 ?, C/ J2 A
↘如是are或were→加s或es; l* a$ f& T; Y
练一练:
" {6 E6 B/ n4 E4 ~3 M1、写出下列各词的复数。
- d R- e0 C& ]) nI _________ him _________ this _______ her ______ watch _______ mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______ day________ foot________ dress ________ tooth_______
3 ^' ^+ E8 {$ ^$ `( m: jsheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______ + G8 J- Z- W8 @( j7 O
sandwich ______ man______ woman_______ leaf_______ people________; S; j. n3 j. Z0 [; |& B
2、用所给名词的┞俘确情势填空。6 z6 P* E; D3 R5 Q9 p$ v
(1)Are there two ( box ) on the table?6 A1 Z# k, o2 w; t. i
(2)I can see some ( people ) in the cinema.% i' h- q# F1 t
(3)How many ( day ) are there in a week?' P2 `, E% r, i% l
(4)Here’re five ( bottle ) of ( juice ) for you.
, }0 l. n0 ?6 o, E2 d$ h. m(5)This ( violin ) is hers. Those ( grape ) are over there.
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二、冠 词 # `8 b6 y' c8 B3 x
冠词是一种虚词,不克不及自力应用,凡是放在名词的前面,分为“不定冠词”和“定冠词”两种。: o' B8 p" g) C" T) o0 K5 o
1、不定冠词:a、an。用在单数名词前,表现“一个,一件……”。an用在以元音“音素”开首的单词前。如:
6 s6 P/ C# V# M* i+ E" ?! Ian e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour…# R# \4 r5 s w% i: J& W1 A
2、定冠词:the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思,有时翻译为这、那。它的基础用法:1 r. ~& Z! y1 k0 \6 \
(1)用来表现特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:The map on the wall is new.
% J; f. ?0 p( ]; Z7 @# N" l (2)表现措辞者两边都知道的人或事物。如:Look at the picture, please.
1 J* p- O1 H/ J# A2 y t/ q (3)表现再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如:This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
k: V7 n5 W' U( Z6 P (4)用在表现世界上并世无双的事物前。如:the sun太阳 the moon月亮 the earth地球0 i& L( B R% i9 n. a
(5)用在由通俗名词组成的专著名词前。如:the Great Wall长城% v! s$ {) H( M
(6)用在江河、湖海等专著名词前。如:the Changjiang River长江1 k' U) E7 b! K2 ^6 z
(7)此外,序数词、形容词第一流、乐器名称档故前面和一些习习用语中一般都用定冠词the。如:
. V) z2 W* `% R1 {* zthe first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class# t8 X. ]) X e) x+ M
断定用a、an仍是the时可依据汉语意思。5 C. v* M% Q/ A
练一练:8 k& L6 N) l- H( K: t
1、用a或an填空。 p( v+ b7 o% \. a8 m. U7 l
____ “U” ____ ice-cream ____ goalkeeper ____ teapot ____apple
* z; z+ Z q0 _1 h5 c7 e0 X+ b/ a! r ____office ____English book ____umbrella ____unit ____hour " Y& r3 f$ E( w H; L/ N+ ?
2、依据须要,填写冠词a,an或the。
( ]2 j) Z2 R& A, J' a3 |(1)Who is ____girl behind ____tree?$ j. X2 P7 D4 Z
(2) ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.
4 \1 L: Y2 a' F8 c; I* ?' H(3)This is ____ orange. ____ orange is Lucy’s.2 }8 p: p e& N( }
(4)He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.
( ]) Y: l+ V3 M1 V+ O(5)We all had____good time last Sunday.4 K& N5 y9 W( H- F
(6)She wants to be____doctor. : ]: {4 L1 k- t& F3 z- L3 ?! ]" W
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& K$ R N! H& ~, e% a+ N三, 数 词
( a& ~# [9 E& R# J我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。基数用于表现数目几多,而基数词用于表现顺序,常在日期中呈现。差别:基数词前面没有“the”;序数词前必定要有“the”。4 k$ t8 D/ K" j3 v$ `3 R$ B
1、跨越二十以上的两位数须要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如:21 twenty-one/ ^# J! Y8 j2 {& [* _2 B7 d
2、三位数以上的则须要在百位数后再加上and。如:101 a/one hundred and one
) a1 ]9 \5 c& t/ n/ f+ d3、用基数词来润饰可数名词时,必定别忘了它的复数情势。如:十八个男孩 eighteen boys
* W/ Y% j4 ` Q: ?/ R6 u. z1 {4、用基数词润饰不成数名词时,如是复数,变它的量词为复数。
7 I& ^! R `* p4 ?) o! A如:两碗米饭 two bowls of rice
- t9 L/ v4 l, b4 }5、序数词一般加“th”,特别的有:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二
8 H, k2 \0 v+ X6 h; `十以外的┞符十:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第几十几”3庠鸢面整十不变,后面“几”改为序
5 g8 a( p' l& |; l! m$ t数词。如:88 eighty-eighth
( Y4 j0 d( ]" s4 x# l& Q练一练:2 I8 W b0 p& H. s7 e
1、请翻译下列短语。
/ k' t6 x7 O: V& `(1)60论理学生 (2)15本英语书
& F) G# m: o# ^' f7 ?+ _- W(3)九杯凉水 (4)4个孩子 , [6 ?# c$ K9 K; E6 f( I% {0 I
(5)12月31 (6)6月2日 ) K; ^& D1 _6 p+ b2 w, [
(7)第九周 (8)40年前
. R R) Y) l6 G& C) u" D/ `(9)11+7 (10)上学第一天
) O# E9 G. ?: @: j2、把下列基数词改成序数词。
: j1 T& p: W1 `/ h7 R$ Z; Done--- two--- three--- nine--- ' Q+ Y& o* i6 j; T! q" t; Z
fourteen--- twenty--- thirty-five--- eighty-one
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四、代 词
. r! ^ y' [6 T: p1 I' Z. f9 D, c代词有两种:人称代词和物主代词。* x: ~& s5 Y# N% Y. z# u3 o7 [
1、人称代词分为:第一、第二、第三人称,且有单复数之分。
$ B0 N" F( h& ]# ~8 F2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语,一般用在动词前(疑问句除外);宾格在句中做宾语,多 1 }& Z: v5 P6 `3 w* v& T% r
用于动词、介词后。% E- N3 a8 M, [* z0 o: B% M
3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的感化,后面必定要跟名词,表现该名词是属于谁的。
8 `8 G$ N! O5 y: R. J; H4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如:
+ R( G: e3 P4 ^( Z" z This is my bag. = This is mine. That is her ruler. = That is hers.
" T" d. L! J `% V一般看后面有没著名词,若有,就用形容词性物主代词;如无,就用名词性物主代词。
: T- a4 M) M5 y1 H% k# I8 H* m 请服膺下表:
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单数
* g+ T0 G- b" X2 x9 M7 F% Z# s% X t , J( ?( a5 J2 ]
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人称 代词
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I
. x. g& o- N8 E* ?- J9 ], I 7 c8 O" e( M' g2 k
you
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he $ `7 {/ ]2 c+ U. G) }0 I
. R- U! J2 ~& l2 oshe , W- y2 O8 l6 Q& I, G5 b& | m+ }
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8 C+ ^( Y6 S8 k6 d1 d& N
1 M( }7 j) B8 @7 s3 W- {( p0 m9 ]3 dwe
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' [* l* X/ ~2 S1 T" V5 xyou
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$ E0 }( |( F3 ^( E6 V9 lthey ' M8 R- `$ u* P$ {, L/ Z* v4 S
& x$ S! ]# ?5 F4 I宾格 " C% m$ r" H' L4 v6 _$ `1 u
7 H) E8 v) M- a3 E" c+ Fme , V* n: W; c1 ~$ J9 t8 R
9 b6 W/ |0 z1 v3 ~you
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& j4 @( Z: B& ?% u) ghim
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" q0 K9 G) f2 c. u Yus $ h0 }+ P N) |) N5 b0 _
& {, f: B, ^, v) c1 `8 S' J
you
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* T" m1 J2 l: T/ m4 ythem
+ Z9 L c* Q6 o! s( x% ~1 }3 h) ` 3 g) E2 ]) E. n6 j/ K' p
物主 代词
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形容词性 ' K9 x+ N8 t- j% x( j1 ~3 Z; |
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your 4 R% w2 Z! [0 q3 N1 u T5 u1 F
- e+ |- @6 A2 r( {
his - v5 f* `3 `$ A' h- j) W4 h
$ |& g( e' Q* N1 R
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+ I5 F; [ \/ D$ _7 z+ H4 gyour . |# g( Z' c4 j1 f9 E: P
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名词性
+ @, n2 q' C7 W7 B" U& N
/ L6 j ~- }9 Pmine
& B& a, r: S8 y! X0 I9 w6 B( r ^3 y # G( m/ U* N& t( D2 @( e0 U
yours
8 }: s$ M1 `% Y& ?6 @; ~9 ^+ W
e% T" L' s+ L1 n! G" jhis / P# D1 ^5 b( w4 V. U- w7 w
' y: X# C, C# n2 C5 k" w5 b
( x4 S9 ]8 t; |
its
/ ?& N/ j' N2 {! B" t6 E + f I9 X6 B* f/ q4 Y
ours 3 c: ]; ~1 O, C% m$ W, S' ^
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yours
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$ l# E& Q5 W5 j练一练:
0 {. m J: N( B8 r4 w1、按请求写出响应人称代词。* r% Q/ [' y0 x
I(宾格)_______ she(形容词性物主代词)_______ we(名词性物主代词)_______ 6 i7 m- \% T; ~( f$ @6 ?
he(复数)_______ us(单数)_______ theirs(主格)_______ its(宾格)_______
" r+ c: q2 O( g& ]" q! U2、想一想,把下表弥补完全。
+ X. t5 Q+ O/ B$ |- s# \
/ p- i# \" V4 f1 o人称代词
2 u {5 ~" T! `% a) m , S- p+ V# v, N; Q+ D9 E* b
物主代词 0 k6 O+ s- O3 V- S; V t
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单数
) b" [* {8 b& M6 ? ]2 k. | 1 d6 c0 g5 R/ v) z/ ~+ @+ V
复数
/ R- j# |* n2 ?* K, }; i. \9 c) ^& j
$ q2 f# P7 S9 [" A" p4 K主格
; c7 H7 r; T( p, z; o7 [6 u3 }; T 4 x+ o8 ]1 Y( W0 R7 [: t
宾格
' g$ U8 l5 X5 w- l* x a- n5 f + M) A1 J; h. Y1 N5 N. x
主格
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& X8 [1 p$ C7 z& U" Y宾格
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名词性 7 C9 G! n3 Q1 `8 d# E7 }
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第一人称 . T, D3 {4 }4 Z. J& U6 D. u! P
6 Z( i r, R9 i1 T y- C
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8 D+ b. S3 j4 f zme v, @7 B+ U7 c3 j5 a6 Z" _' S) g
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us ' D% W, X) C- P6 Q( B1 e, |+ X
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第二人称 7 d$ Z1 V% ?8 E6 j& J' p
( K+ B* F4 Z6 }1 m0 f- X
you 8 }* r" ^5 H' i2 i& \, I/ H
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+ t7 R5 d" B1 q% M1 m# m V
/ ?0 d5 s* h' e& e2 c1 Q
you
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) q: L6 `2 N+ b1 t; ]5 w' K0 }
8 `3 X3 V3 f- A/ z! B1 `0 f! B$ q
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第三人称
+ Q+ H, u- v/ V0 g. p
- T! y' W# ~$ S9 [% Q+ mhe
8 { T/ d% g$ E0 V! Z1 } 1 o+ D( ~7 Z/ R1 D; f
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" R$ G0 L. v+ m Fhis 5 J$ u! Y3 |: {1 }, J' O
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/ y& _' I; o* d' G3、用所给词的恰当情势填空。
1 k; }& {$ ~6 s; [1 t4 D# c1)That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
3 M4 d8 d; \$ c3 G7 Q0 l. z2)The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
0 c/ E: f1 r6 [3)Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I ) 7 T' @/ A$ H; J* a# v$ u
4)_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he ) " ^- N# {/ o8 C t6 b8 K
5)_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you ) {" E% D- F$ ^1 H- @
6)Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they ) l0 U3 o5 ~0 i0 j: j# I) W
7)I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it ) 0 S' u+ D6 |$ p2 U' J
8)Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they )
( M8 b" _( ], t9 B3 E2 N+ d+ R9)Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we )
( T) ~2 Y0 Q/ W% q10)_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she ) / R" {7 [% R( F. j T) F) y
11)Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they )
6 I! w/ K! { Q$ w" H3 i8 }12)Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )
: N- S+ r% D$ g/ @! m: K13)_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she ) ! ? _4 r I/ O& s. W6 a# ]
14)The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she ) 8 x+ c- M* N& u
" @4 z2 |+ z* L# R2 r五、形容词、副词 ) z4 P' N/ q6 f
) P2 [ }* N3 D4 d+ N1、形容词表现某一事物某人的特点,副词表现某一动作的特点。形容词和副词有三种情势:本相、比拟
. v, c4 j2 b4 C5 i1 j8 H级、第一流。比拟级:+er 第一流:the …+est 2 Q5 v! W5 E& G. L+ U5 ^$ X# K
两个主要特点:as……as中心必定用本相,than的前面必定要+er。/ s( r. _7 ^( n" j6 Z+ ~% l
2、形容词、副词比拟级的规矩变更如下:; w) j- m4 c$ `# N8 I7 b- A [- ?
(1)一般直接+er。如:tall - taller, fast - faster 单音节词假如以-e结尾,只加-r。如:late - later
1 L9 K1 T6 p; |3 l(2)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个子音字母,须双写这个字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, fat - fatter
8 r x% N/ B* H(3)以子音字母加-y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier
- P, D! m A$ @(4)双音节和多音节词的比拟级应在原级前加more组成。如:beautiful - more beautiful,
) F( e6 ^$ C! c- b careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting4 N9 b8 t( D |# q( r- [
(5)有些不规矩变更的,须一一加以记忆。如:good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder…! b! W( W* J3 G! ^6 W; n
6 n G7 {% A# t" R$ \% [练一练:
}; M' c4 T; `1、写出下列形容词、副词的比拟级。
# x5 d0 W, t: j( j8 Y+ u3 Fbig good long tall old - x* L- n7 u" y5 m: V% D4 ^9 E, F1 H( ~
short thin heavy young fat
" H( p% j. c3 l [$ U0 @6 n: W; ~; slight strong high far low 9 H' u+ }; Q# d8 G6 d4 N
early late well fast slow 0 e! p! C: G. f. p: B
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2、用括号内乱所给单词的恰当情势填空。* V2 g/ ^/ [! F
1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.
) |. t- L6 H/ U3 a5 k' y: }2) Look! His hands are _______ ( big ) than mine.8 y# g8 ^: y" p: }! P$ S
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates.# E, `7 X" e( _
4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
0 Q* ^- g5 f1 c W v5) Does Jim run as _______(slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.! B( g( y Z/ \1 R4 ?. A) V
6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.
- O8 H; t0 B0 J; J) o5 R- g) K! B7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.
0 _# J1 l# E/ u& V1 k8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me.
: ?: v$ n' V3 U' W* j1 W, z9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.
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六、介 词 % B( z9 H: Q" D& {$ P8 O. S$ N
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1、一种虚词。不克不及零丁作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一路组成介词短语,才干在句子中起感化。 , s' y6 n9 V- k, N7 o
有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of,
- W% z! `7 I2 a* S* R0 y& m) s5 Vfrom…to…, at the back of…) W/ M# m& ?6 `
2、表现时光的介词有:at, on, in。(1)at表现“在某一个具体的时光点上”,或用在固定词组中。如:at ten
1 i( d% G o' ~8 e+ `3 @. t& C! t, Zo’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…(2)on表现“在某日或某日的时光段”。如:on Friday, on the
, h, P5 s* r; J- Bfirst of October, on Monday morning…(3)in表现“在某一段时光(月份、季候)里”。如:in the afternoon,
- m4 v- a. A+ O5 cin September, in summer, in 2005…. M8 H1 y3 l. J5 d3 |
3、in一词还有其他的固定搭配,如:in blue(穿戴蓝色的衣服),in English(用英语表达),take part in(参 4 B6 `1 F: G1 ~: ]2 Y3 c# L8 l
加)。3 ~3 O9 K2 W' N" B$ J
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练一练:
, s3 ?, L: v6 t0 U4 R1、选用括号内乱适当的介词填空。
: W% k" n( Y \# z+ p/ s A: R1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English?+ [' i+ @- Y2 W+ L* m
2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December.6 o" i" N6 B6 v7 D2 O9 }
3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.% B/ h5 ]. X D$ |; ]7 P8 x* z+ x$ f
4) He doesn’t do well _______ ( at, on, in ) PE.
! y5 \% z0 _ x, p' J5) Look at those birds _______ ( on, in ) the tree.
3 [/ c- J( X! q. X N6) We are going to meet _______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop _______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.
$ Z9 z1 t0 R6 u( C$ o7) Is there a cat _______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?. y7 y% E6 D- ]& Z0 i0 Q! I" C6 U
8) Helen’s writing *** is _______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.: t& }0 N$ K- j8 i/ f
9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.
k! t0 j( _3 t5 c" g1 W+ v( R10) Does it often rain _______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?
: @ f3 R7 m) U9 u( ^2、圈出下列句子中应用不适当的介词,并将准确的谜底写在横线上。$ d- S! B$ n$ o1 A( |3 Y4 V
1) Jim is good in English and Maths. 2) The films were in the ground just now. , A+ R4 I& m8 ^3 s" J
3) They are talking to their plans. 4) How many students have their birthdays on May?
' v1 e7 |, J5 R2 Y( w! Y5) Women’s Day is at the third of March. 6) I can jog to school on the morning.
6 J" j; @7 q; T, S, d7) Did you water trees at the farm? 8) Can you come and help me on my English? - b5 o5 @2 W3 n! L
9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning. 10) What did you do on the Spring Festival? |