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小升初英语语法常识

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发表于 2019-12-7 02:43:27 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
一、

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表现某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不成数名词。
& u4 B% ]+ Y" w; y# Q夸大:不成数名词都默以为单数,所以老是用is或者was;最好不要依据someanya lot of等词往作判

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断,以免受误导。

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1、可数名词若何变复数情势
- @' J0 _1 i- D! K" B3 Sa.一般情形下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音3庠疱子音后读<strike>,浊子音和
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元音后读[z]
9 I4 t2 |! O: z' @b.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:[iz]1 k5 y4 ~$ @2 ~9 \% w: u
c.以子音字母+y”结尾,变yi, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;读音:[z]: ^) l  [! J6 w" Q
d.以“ffe”结尾,变ffev, 再加-es,如:knife-knives thief-thieves;读音:[z]: ]( c9 J' x& g" b
e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情形
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1)有性命的+es  读音:[z]  如:mango-mangoes  tomato-tomatoes  hero-heroes

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2) 无性命的+s   读音:[z]  如:photo-photos     radio-radios

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f. 不规矩名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,  
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snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish,

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people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese & w" w( T6 M7 Y- t
  2、不成数名词没有复数。假如要盘算不成数名词所表达的数目,就得在数词和不成数名词之间加上

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+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of ***, a bottle of juice7 m8 K) q; d4 ^8 A) g* Y7 m
判定步调:0 w, `* f: u3 B  F
                                                  ↗如是amiswas→本相
. H! Q0 K! t" f6 `2 N$ E" ~6 X读句子读该单词熟悉该单词懂得意思be动词3 l2 Z. ?3 ?, C/ J2 A
                                                  ↘如是arewere→ses; l* a$ f& T; Y
练一练:
" {6 E6 B/ n4 E4 ~3 M1、写出下列各词的复数。
- d  R- e0 C& ]) nI _________  him _________  this _______   her ______     watch _______   mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______   day________  foot________ dress ________ tooth_______

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sheep ______   box_______  strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______
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sandwich ______   man______   woman_______  leaf_______   people________; S; j. n3 j. Z0 [; |& B
2、用所给名词的┞俘确情势填空。6 z6 P* E; D3 R5 Q9 p$ v
1Are there two                ( box ) on the table?6 A1 Z# k, o2 w; t. i
2I can see some                 ( people ) in the cinema.% i' h- q# F1 t
3How many                 ( day ) are there in a week?' P2 `, E% r, i% l
4Here’re five                ( bottle ) of                  ( juice ) for you.
, }0 l. n0 ?6 o, E2 d$ h. m5This                ( violin ) is hers. Those                ( grape ) are over there.
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二、冠  
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冠词是一种虚词,不克不及自力应用,凡是放在名词的前面,分为不定冠词定冠词两种。: o' B8 p" g) C" T) o0 K5 o
1、不定冠词:aan。用在单数名词前,表现一个,一件……”an用在以元音音素开首的单词前。如:

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an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour…# R# \4 r5 s  w% i: J& W1 A
2、定冠词:the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思,有时翻译为这、那。它的基础用法:1 r. ~& Z! y1 k0 \6 \
  1)用来表现特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:The map on the wall is new.
% J; f. ?0 p( ]; Z7 @# N" l  2)表现措辞者两边都知道的人或事物。如:Look at the picture, please.
1 J* p- O1 H/ J# A2 y  t/ q  3)表现再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如:This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
  k: V7 n5 W' U( Z6 P  4)用在表现世界上并世无双的事物前。如:the sun太阳  the moon月亮  the earth地球0 i& L( B  R% i9 n. a
  5)用在由通俗名词组成的专著名词前。如:the Great Wall长城% v! s$ {) H( M
  6)用在江河、湖海等专著名词前。如:the Changjiang River长江1 k' U) E7 b! K2 ^6 z
  7)此外,序数词、形容词第一流、乐器名称档故前面和一些习习用语中一般都用定冠词the。如:

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the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class# t8 X. ]) X  e) x+ M
断定用aan仍是the时可依据汉语意思。5 C. v* M% Q/ A
练一练:8 k& L6 N) l- H( K: t
1、用aan填空。  p( v+ b7 o% \. a8 m. U7 l
        ____ “U”         ____ ice-cream            ____  goalkeeper           ____ teapot            ____apple
* z; z+ Z  q0 _1 h5 c7 e0 X+ b/ a! r       ____office     ____English book        ____umbrella        ____unit               ____hour            " Y& r3 f$ E( w  H; L/ N+ ?
2、依据须要,填写冠词aanthe
( ]2 j) Z2 R& A, J' a3 |1Who is ____girl behind ____tree?$ j. X2 P7 D4 Z
2 ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.
4 \1 L: Y2 a' F8 c; I* ?' H3This is  ____ orange.   ____ orange is Lucy’s.2 }8 p: p  e& N( }
4He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.
( ]) Y: l+ V3 M1 V+ O5We all had____good time last Sunday.4 K& N5 y9 W( H- F
6She wants to be____doctor.
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三,

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我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。基数用于表现数目几多,而基数词用于表现顺序,常在日期中呈现。差别:基数词前面没有“the”;序数词前必定要有“the”4 k$ t8 D/ K" j3 v$ `3 R$ B
1、跨越二十以上的两位数须要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如:21  twenty-one/ ^# J! Y8 j2 {& [* _2 B7 d
2、三位数以上的则须要在百位数后再加上and。如:101  a/one hundred and one
) a1 ]9 \5 c& t/ n/ f+ d3、用基数词来润饰可数名词时,必定别忘了它的复数情势。如:十八个男孩  eighteen boys
* W/ Y% j4 `  Q: ?/ R6 u. z1 {4、用基数词润饰不成数名词时,如是复数,变它的量词为复数。

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如:两碗米饭  two bowls of rice
- t9 L/ v4 l, b4 }5、序数词一般加“th”,特别的有:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二

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十以外的┞符十:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第几十几3庠鸢面整十不变,后面改为序

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数词。如:88  eighty-eighth
( Y4 j0 d( ]" s4 x# l& Q练一练:2 I8 W  b0 p& H. s7 e
1、请翻译下列短语。
/ k' t6 x7 O: V& `160论理学生                              215本英语书                              
& F) G# m: o# ^' f7 ?+ _- W3)九杯凉水                               44个孩子                                , [6 ?# c$ K9 K; E6 f( I% {0 I
51231                                 662                                 ) K; ^& D1 _6 p+ b2 w, [
7)第九周                                  840年前                                 
. R  R) Y) l6 G& C) u" D/ `911+7                                     10)上学第一天                           
) O# E9 G. ?: @: j2、把下列基数词改成序数词。
: j1 T& p: W1 `/ h7 R$ Z; Done---                      two---                       three---                      nine---                 ' Q+ Y& o* i6 j; T! q" t; Z
fourteen---                     twenty---                      thirty-five---                     eighty-one
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四、代  

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代词有两种:人称代词和物主代词。* x: ~& s5 Y# N% Y. z# u3 o7 [
1、人称代词分为:第一、第二、第三人称,且有单复数之分。
$ B0 N" F( h& ]# ~8 F2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语,一般用在动词前(疑问句除外);宾格在句中做宾语,多  
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用于动词、介词后。% E- N3 a8 M, [* z0 o: B% M
3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的感化,后面必定要跟名词,表现该名词是属于谁的。
8 `8 G$ N! O5 y: R. J; H4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如:
+ R( G: e3 P4 ^( Z" z   This is my bag. = This is mine.  That is her ruler. = That is hers.
" T" d. L! J  `% V一般看后面有没著名词,若有,就用形容词性物主代词;如无,就用名词性物主代词。
: T- a4 M) M5 y1 H% k# I8 H* m    请服膺下表:

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# Z3 z- h7 `6 H5 @
单数

* g+ T0 G- b" X2 x9 M7 F% Z# s% X  t
, J( ?( a5 J2 ]
 

+ {9 W; E) _# a1 Y

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复数

8 J, r5 w) w$ r$ Q
& \& N( j7 Z* [- v
人称  代词

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' ^1 J2 R( b; S% b" t1 r; S: {
主格
2 z& A& s# u$ g3 j9 m
, A$ E5 a8 L7 `1 j# ]
I

. x. g& o- N8 E* ?- J9 ], I
7 c8 O" e( M' g2 k
you

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+ I: i; u$ I' R/ Y$ a* m' L  ]3 A
he
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she
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, f- L( `0 |- G8 H
it
6 q9 F8 D( b  t" |! j

8 C+ ^( Y6 S8 k6 d1 d& N
 
0 O: h+ D/ z! C

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we

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' [* l* X/ ~2 S1 T" V5 x
you

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they
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宾格
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7 H) E8 v) M- a3 E" c+ F
me
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9 b6 W/ |0 z1 v3 ~
you

) j% A$ z& P! Z& B$ |: b1 ~

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him

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% \9 d# h& Y- s& Y0 R" j- q; P6 h
her
0 K. F; h5 G2 |% I4 g

$ s  M( X$ \, W( w$ {& P/ Y$ W
it
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" q0 K9 G) f2 c. u  Y
us
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& {, f: B, ^, v) c1 `8 S' J
you

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* T" m1 J2 l: T/ m4 y
them

+ Z9 L  c* Q6 o! s( x% ~1 }3 h) `
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物主  代词

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形容词性
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my

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your
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his
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her
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its

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& x+ h8 I; b9 B/ `! Q2 A
our
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your
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their

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名词性

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mine

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yours

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his
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hers

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its

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ours
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yours

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theirs

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练一练:
0 {. m  J: N( B8 r4 w1、按请求写出响应人称代词。* r% Q/ [' y0 x
I(宾格)_______              she(形容词性物主代词)_______             we(名词性物主代词)_______ 6 i7 m- \% T; ~( f$ @6 ?
he(复数)_______            us(单数)_______            theirs(主格)_______ its(宾格)_______

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2、想一想,把下表弥补完全。

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人称代词

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, S- p+ V# v, N; Q+ D9 E* b
物主代词
0 k6 O+ s- O3 V- S; V  t
2 P$ P4 M% d: Q! T. v5 X
单数
& J5 q- ^5 v) N" c$ W

* i' C- s- Y; M
复数

4 \3 r* e# K" X
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单数

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1 d6 c0 g5 R/ v) z/ ~+ @+ V
复数

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主格

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宾格

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+ M) A1 J; h. Y1 N5 N. x
主格

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宾格

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形容词性
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名词性

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形容词性
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名词性
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第一人称
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me
  v, @7 B+ U7 c3 j5 a6 Z" _' S) g

  V0 p' ~$ K( \3 _

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us
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( W* L/ T$ k; a5 B5 o/ q

  I/ m  L+ ]% |. n' C

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our

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第二人称
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you
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you

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) q: L6 `2 N+ b1 t; ]5 w' K0 }
8 `3 X3 V3 f- A/ z! B1 `0 f! B$ q

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' C7 ^1 H) ~. o% L! n) y

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( ?( x9 s9 Y- A3 d6 z( c) J& |

2 I0 _; a' _, a) Q5 X! f1 J0 D. X

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第三人称

+ Q+ H, u- v/ V0 g. p

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he

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1 o+ D( ~7 Z/ R1 D; f
8 y+ P9 X7 H) h

4 o6 O9 J( D8 Z# ?& k$ U

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them

5 o  b! `, R. C

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his
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their
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her

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it
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its
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/ y& _' I; o* d' G3、用所给词的恰当情势填空。
1 k; }& {$ ~6 s; [1 t4 D# c1That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
3 M4 d8 d; \$ c3 G7 Q0 l. z2The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
0 c/ E: f1 r6 [3Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I ) 7 T' @/ A$ H; J* a# v$ u
4_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he ) " ^- N# {/ o8 C  t6 b8 K
5_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you )   {" E% D- F$ ^1 H- @
6Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they )   l0 U3 o5 ~0 i0 j: j# I) W
7I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it ) 0 S' u+ D6 |$ p2 U' J
8Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they )
( M8 b" _( ], t9 B3 E2 N+ d+ R9Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we )
( T) ~2 Y0 Q/ W% q10_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she ) / R" {7 [% R( F. j  T) F) y
11Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they )
6 I! w/ K! {  Q$ w" H3 i8 }12Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )
: N- S+ r% D$ g/ @! m: K13_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she ) ! ?  _4 r  I/ O& s. W6 a# ]
14The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she )
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五、形容词、副词
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1、形容词表现某一事物某人的特点,副词表现某一动作的特点。形容词和副词有三种情势:本相、比拟

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级、第一流。比拟级:+er  第一流:the …+est
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两个主要特点:as……as中心必定用本相,than的前面必定要+er/ s( r. _7 ^( n" j6 Z+ ~% l
2、形容词、副词比拟级的规矩变更如下:; w) j- m4 c$ `# N8 I7 b- A  [- ?
1)一般直接+er。如:tall - taller, fast - faster   单音节词假如以-e结尾,只加-r。如:late - later
1 L9 K1 T6 p; |3 l2)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个子音字母,须双写这个字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, fat - fatter
8 r  x% N/ B* H3)以子音字母加-y结尾的词,变yi,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier
- P, D! m  A$ @4)双音节和多音节词的比拟级应在原级前加more组成。如:beautiful - more beautiful,
) F( e6 ^$ C! c- b     careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting4 N9 b8 t( D  |# q( r- [
5)有些不规矩变更的,须一一加以记忆。如:good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder…! b! W( W* J3 G! ^6 W; n

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练一练:
  }; M' c4 T; `1、写出下列形容词、副词的比拟级。
# x5 d0 W, t: j( j8 Y+ u3 Fbig                    good                   long                    tall                     old               - x* L- n7 u" y5 m: V% D4 ^9 E, F1 H( ~
short                  thin                    heavy                   young                  fat              
" H( p% j. c3 l  [$ U0 @6 n: W; ~; slight                  strong                   high                    far                     low              9 H' u+ }; Q# d8 G6 d4 N
early                  late                     well                    fast                    slow   
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2、用括号内乱所给单词的恰当情势填空。* V2 g/ ^/ [! F
1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.
) |. t- L6 H/ U3 a5 k' y: }2) Look! His hands are _______  ( big ) than mine.8 y# g8 ^: y" p: }! P$ S
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates.# E, `7 X" e( _
4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
0 Q* ^- g5 f1 c  W  v5) Does Jim run as _______slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.! B( g( y  Z/ \1 R4 ?. A) V
6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.
- O8 H; t0 B0 J; J) o5 R- g) K! B7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.
0 _# J1 l# E/ u& V1 k8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me.
: ?: v$ n' V3 U' W* j1 W, z9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.

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( W- T! {, G/ U: t/ `) |

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六、介  
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1、一种虚词。不克不及零丁作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一路组成介词短语,才干在句子中起感化。
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有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of,

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from…to…, at the back of…) W/ M# m& ?6 `
2、表现时光的介词有:at, on, in。(1at表现在某一个具体的时光点上,或用在固定词组中。如:at ten  

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o’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…2on表现在某日或某日的时光段。如:on Friday, on the

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first of October, on Monday morning…3in表现在某一段时光(月份、季候)里。如:in the afternoon,

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in September, in summer, in 2005…. M8 H1 y3 l. J5 d3 |
3in一词还有其他的固定搭配,如:in blue(穿戴蓝色的衣服),in English(用英语表达),take part in(参
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加)。3 ~3 O9 K2 W' N" B$ J
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练一练:
, s3 ?, L: v6 t0 U4 R1、选用括号内乱适当的介词填空。
: W% k" n( Y  \# z+ p/ s  A: R1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English?+ [' i+ @- Y2 W+ L* m
2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December.6 o" i" N6 B6 v7 D2 O9 }
3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.% B/ h5 ]. X  D$ |; ]7 P8 x* z+ x$ f
4) He doesn’t do well  _______ ( at, on, in ) PE.
! y5 \% z0 _  x, p' J5) Look at those birds  _______ ( on, in ) the tree.
3 [/ c- J( X! q. X  N6) We are going to meet  _______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop  _______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.
$ Z9 z1 t0 R6 u( C$ o7) Is there a cat    _______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?. y7 y% E6 D- ]& Z0 i0 Q! I" C6 U
8) Helen’s writing *** is  _______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.: t& }0 N$ K- j8 i/ f
9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.
  k! t0 j( _3 t5 c" g1 W+ v( R10) Does it often rain   _______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?
: @  f3 R7 m) U9 u( ^2、圈出下列句子中应用不适当的介词,并将准确的谜底写在横线上。$ d- S! B$ n$ o1 A( |3 Y4 V
1) Jim is good in English and Maths.               2) The films were in the ground just now.          , A+ R4 I& m8 ^3 s" J
3) They are talking to their plans.                4) How many students have their birthdays on May?           
' v1 e7 |, J5 R2 Y( w! Y5) Women’s Day is at the third of March.           6) I can jog to school on the morning.           
6 J" j; @7 q; T, S, d7) Did you water trees at the farm?                8) Can you come and help me on my English?           - b5 o5 @2 W3 n! L
9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning.       10) What did you do on the Spring Festival?           
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