小升初英语语法常识

显示全部楼层 · 发表于 2019-12-7 02:43:27

一、名词

表现某一事物，有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不成数名词。
夸大：不成数名词都默以为单数，所以老是用is或者was；最好不要依据some、any、a lot of等词往作判

断，以免受误导。

1、可数名词若何变“复数情势”：
a．一般情形下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ；读音３庠疱子音后读<strike>，浊子音和

元音后读[z]。
b．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ；读音：[iz]。
c．以“子音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries ；读音：[z]。
d．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives ，thief-thieves；读音：[z]。
e．以“o”结尾的词，分两种情形

1）有性命的+es 读音：[z] 如：mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes

2) 无性命的+s 读音：[z] 如：photo-photos radio-radios

f. 不规矩名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,

snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish,

people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
2、不成数名词没有复数。假如要盘算不成数名词所表达的数目，就得在数词和不成数名词之间加上“量

词+of”。例如：a glass of water, a piece of ***, a bottle of juice
判定步调：
                                                ↗如是am、is或was→本相
读句子→读该单词→熟悉该单词→懂得意思→看be动词
                                                ↘如是are或were→加s或es
练一练：
1、写出下列各词的复数。
I _________  him _________  this _______ her ______    watch _______ mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______ day________  foot________ dress ________ tooth_______

sheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______

sandwich ______ man______ woman_______  leaf_______ people________
2、用所给名词的┞俘确情势填空。
（1）Are there two             ( box ) on the table?
（2）I can see some             ( people ) in the cinema.
（3）How many             ( day ) are there in a week?
（4）Here’re five             ( bottle ) of                ( juice ) for you.
（5）This             ( violin ) is hers. Those             ( grape ) are over there.

二、冠词

冠词是一种虚词，不克不及自力应用，凡是放在名词的前面，分为“不定冠词”和“定冠词”两种。
1、不定冠词：a、an。用在单数名词前，表现“一个，一件……”。an用在以元音“音素”开首的单词前。如：

an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour…
2、定冠词：the。用在单数或者复数名词前。the没有具体意思，有时翻译为这、那。它的基础用法：
  （1）用来表现特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。如：The map on the wall is new.
  （2）表现措辞者两边都知道的人或事物。如：Look at the picture, please.
  （3）表现再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如：This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
  （4）用在表现世界上并世无双的事物前。如：the sun太阳  the moon月亮  the earth地球
  （5）用在由通俗名词组成的专著名词前。如：the Great Wall长城
  （6）用在江河、湖海等专著名词前。如：the Changjiang River长江
  （7）此外，序数词、形容词第一流、乐器名称档故前面和一些习习用语中一般都用定冠词the。如：

the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class
断定用a、an仍是the时可依据汉语意思。
练一练：
1、用a或an填空。
      ____ “U”       ____ ice-cream          ____  goalkeeper          ____ teapot          ____apple
   ____office    ____English book       ____umbrella       ____unit             ____hour
2、依据须要，填写冠词a，an或the。
（1）Who is ____girl behind ____tree?
（2） ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.
（3）This is  ____ orange. ____ orange is Lucy’s.
（4）He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.
（5）We all had____good time last Sunday.
（6）She wants to be____doctor.

三，数词

我们学过两类：基数词和序数词。基数用于表现数目几多，而基数词用于表现顺序，常在日期中呈现。差别：基数词前面没有“the”；序数词前必定要有“the”。
1、跨越二十以上的两位数须要在个位和十位之间加上“-”。如：21  twenty-one
2、三位数以上的则须要在百位数后再加上and。如：101  a/one hundred and one
3、用基数词来润饰可数名词时，必定别忘了它的复数情势。如：十八个男孩  eighteen boys
4、用基数词润饰不成数名词时，如是复数，变它的量词为复数。

如：两碗米饭 two bowls of rice
5、序数词一般加“th”，特别的有：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二

十以外的┞符十：twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第几十几”３庠鸢面整十不变，后面“几”改为序

数词。如：88  eighty-eighth
练一练：
1、请翻译下列短语。
（1）60论理学生                            （2）15本英语书
（3）九杯凉水                            （4）4个孩子
（5）12月31                               （6）6月2日
（7）第九周                               （8）40年前
（9）11+7                                  （10）上学第一天
2、把下列基数词改成序数词。
one---                   two---                      three---                   nine---
fourteen---                   twenty---                   thirty-five---                   eighty-one

四、代词

代词有两种：人称代词和物主代词。
1、人称代词分为：第一、第二、第三人称，且有单复数之分。
2、人称代词的主格在句中做主语，一般用在动词前（疑问句除外）；宾格在句中做宾语，多

用于动词、介词后。
3、形容词性物主代词起形容词的感化，后面必定要跟名词，表现该名词是属于谁的。
4、名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如：
This is my bag. = This is mine. That is her ruler. = That is hers.
一般看后面有没著名词，若有，就用形容词性物主代词；如无，就用名词性物主代词。
请服膺下表：

单数

复数

人称代词

主格

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

宾格

me

you

him

her

it

us

you

them

物主代词

形容词性

my

your

his

her

its

our

your

their

名词性

mine

yours

his

hers

its

ours

yours

theirs

练一练：
1、按请求写出响应人称代词。
I（宾格）_______ she（形容词性物主代词）_______ we（名词性物主代词）_______
he（复数）_______ us（单数）_______ theirs（主格）_______ its（宾格）_______

2、想一想，把下表弥补完全。

人称代词

物主代词

单数

复数

单数

复数

主格

宾格

主格

宾格

形容词性

名词性

形容词性

名词性

第一人称

me

us

our

第二人称

you

第三人称

he

them

his

their

her

it

its

3、用所给词的恰当情势填空。
1）That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
2）The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
3）Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I )
4）_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he )
5）_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you )
6）Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they )
7）I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it )
8）Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they )
9）Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we )
10）_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she )
11）Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they )
12）Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )
13）_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she )
14）The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she )

五、形容词、副词

1、形容词表现某一事物某人的特点，副词表现某一动作的特点。形容词和副词有三种情势：本相、比拟

级、第一流。比拟级：+er 第一流：the …+est

两个主要特点：as……as中心必定用本相，than的前面必定要+er。
2、形容词、副词比拟级的规矩变更如下：
（1）一般直接+er。如：tall - taller, fast - faster 单音节词假如以-e结尾，只加-r。如：late - later
（2）重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个子音字母，须双写这个字母，再加-er。如：big - bigger, fat - fatter
（3）以子音字母加-y结尾的词，变y为i，再加-er。如：heavy - heavier, early - earlier
（4）双音节和多音节词的比拟级应在原级前加more组成。如：beautiful - more beautiful,
careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting
（5）有些不规矩变更的，须一一加以记忆。如：good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder…

练一练：
1、写出下列形容词、副词的比拟级。
big                   good                long                   tall                   old
short                thin                   heavy                young                fat
light                strong                high                   far                   low
early                late                   well                   fast                   slow

2、用括号内乱所给单词的恰当情势填空。
1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.
2) Look! His hands are _______ ( big ) than mine.
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates.
4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
5) Does Jim run as _______（slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.
6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.
7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.
8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me.
9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.

六、介词

1、一种虚词。不克不及零丁作句子成分，它只有跟它后面的宾语一路组成介词短语，才干在句子中起感化。

有：in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of,

from…to…, at the back of…
2、表现时光的介词有：at, on, in。（1）at表现“在某一个具体的时光点上”，或用在固定词组中。如：at ten

o’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…（2）on表现“在某日或某日的时光段”。如：on Friday, on the

first of October, on Monday morning…（3）in表现“在某一段时光（月份、季候）里”。如：in the afternoon,

in September, in summer, in 2005…
3、in一词还有其他的固定搭配，如：in blue（穿戴蓝色的衣服），in English（用英语表达），take part in（参

加）。

练一练：
1、选用括号内乱适当的介词填空。
1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English?
2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December.
3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.
4) He doesn’t do well  _______ ( at, on, in ) PE.
5) Look at those birds  _______ ( on, in ) the tree.
6) We are going to meet  _______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop  _______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.
7) Is there a cat _______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?
8) Helen’s writing *** is  _______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.
9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.
10) Does it often rain _______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?
2、圈出下列句子中应用不适当的介词，并将准确的谜底写在横线上。
1) Jim is good in English and Maths.             2) The films were in the ground just now.
3) They are talking to their plans.             4) How many students have their birthdays on May?
5) Women’s Day is at the third of March.          6) I can jog to school on the morning.
7) Did you water trees at the farm?             8) Can you come and help me on my English?
9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning.    10) What did you do on the Spring Festival?

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